By Agendas: Rain Epler

Total Agendas: 285

Fully Profiled: 285

All Categories Political Position Topic Expertise Rhetorical Style Activity Patterns Opposition Stance Collaboration Style Regional Focus Economic Views Social Issues Legislative Focus
2025-10-15
First reading of the Bill on the Amendment of the Earth Crust Act, the Land Cadastre Act, and the State Assets Act (Development of renewable energy production in an area with a mining permit) (698 SE)

The 15th Riigikogu, VI Session, Plenary Sitting

The economic perspective opposes government subsidies, arguing that they render the energy system expensive and unstable while benefiting only investors. They advocate for a more robust development of the Estonian economy, one that encompasses a wider range of industrial facilities, rather than focusing solely on the development of intermittent power sources. It is implied that political ideology is rendering the utilization of traditional mineral resources unprofitable.
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2025-10-15
First Reading of the Draft Act amending the Protection of Ambient Air Act and other Acts (Transposition of Amendments to the Renewable Energy Directive) (697 SE)

The 15th Riigikogu, VI Session, Plenary Sitting

Economic views are focused on protecting small businesses from excessive regulatory burden. There is a perceived danger that strict requirements (reporting obligations, capacity limits) contribute to market consolidation in favor of large conglomerates, which stifles free competition.
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2025-10-15
First Reading of the Draft Act on Amendments to the Social Welfare Act and Other Acts (732 SE)

The 15th Riigikogu, VI Session, Plenary Sitting

Economic positions are linked to protecting the standards of social expenditure, opposing any changes that could lower benefit levels. Emphasis is placed on the need for clear control by the Riigikogu over the establishment of national expenditure lines.
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2025-10-15
First Reading of the Draft Act Amending the Law on the Election of the President of the Republic (684 SE)

The 15th Riigikogu, VI Session, Plenary Sitting

Insufficient data.
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2025-10-15
The Prime Minister's Plan and Statements at the European Council (Climate Targets, Migration)

The 15th Riigikogu, 6th Session, Information Hour

Economic perspectives are focused on protecting the Estonian forestry sector, demanding the review and adjustment of the onerous obligations imposed within the LULUCF sector. This demonstrates a protectionist stance toward the domestic industry against EU regulations.
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2025-10-15
Guarantee

The 15th Riigikogu, 6th Session, Information Hour

Economic perspectives center on how energy policy affects pricing, stressing that prioritizing the development of renewables makes the entire system prohibitively expensive. This viewpoint advocates for stability and cost-effectiveness, standing in opposition to an expensive and volatile energy system.
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2025-10-13
First Reading of the Draft Legislation (736 SE) on the Amendment of the State Budget Act and the Act Amending the State Budget Act

15th Riigikogu, 6th Session, Plenary Sitting

Economic perspectives stress national control over finances and opposition to the external regulation of budgetary decisions, particularly through four-year frameworks. Concerns are raised that the EU’s climate targets could impede national energy security investments, such as the construction of nuclear or fossil fuel-based power plants.
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2025-10-13
First reading of the Draft Act on the Amendment of the Act on Simplified Taxation of Business Income and the Income Tax Act, and the Act on the Repeal of the Security Tax Act and the Amendment of the Income Tax Act (Bill 734 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 6th Session, Plenary Sitting

His economic views are strongly opposed to taxation, particularly property tax and progressive income tax, which are seen as threatening personal property and homeownership. He advocates for economic liberty and a model of personal responsibility, where the use of earned money should not be restricted by the state. He rejects the claim made by the socialists that high taxes are necessary to help the vulnerable, citing the detrimental impact of the car tax as an example.
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2025-10-13
First Reading of the Draft Act on the 2025 State Supplementary Budget (733 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 6th Session, Plenary Sitting

Economic perspectives emphasize fiscal discipline and the prudent use of public funds, while remaining skeptical of further capital injections into state-owned companies that already possess sufficient financial means. The preference is for infrastructure development and maintenance to be financed through the company's own revenues (such as network fees).
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2025-10-09
First Reading of the Draft Act on Amendments to the Value-Added Tax Act (661 SE)

The 15th Riigikogu, 6th Session, Plenary Sitting

Economic views strongly support lowering the VAT on foodstuffs, believing that the reduction will be passed on to prices, especially when coupled with additional monitoring measures. This contrasts sharply with the Reform Party's stance that tax exceptions are ineffective. Furthermore, reference is made to the previous EKRE government's experience in lowering fuel excise duties.
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2025-10-09
First Reading of the Draft Act on Amendments to the Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure (Criminal Jurisdiction and Destruction of Submarine Infrastructure) Bill (656 SE)

The 15th Riigikogu, 6th Session, Plenary Sitting

Not enough data
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2025-10-09
First Reading of the Draft Act on the Accession to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (681 SE)

The 15th Riigikogu, 6th Session, Plenary Sitting

Not enough data
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2025-10-08
First Reading of the Draft Act on Amendments to the Planning Act and Other Related Acts (683 SE)

The 15th Riigikogu, 6th Session, Plenary Sitting

Doubts exist regarding the bill’s ability to stimulate the economy, as its vague provisions increase the risk of litigation and uncertainty. Concern is expressed that the bill may favor certain projects (wind energy) at the expense of others (e.g., a wood chemistry plant), emphasizing the need for clarity in planning. There is also a perceived risk that NGOs could torpedo economic projects.
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2025-10-08
First Reading of the Draft Act Amending the Chemical Act (701 SE)

The 15th Riigikogu, 6th Session, Plenary Sitting

Economic perspectives highlight concerns regarding the financial burden placed on entrepreneurs, particularly concerning unlimited liability for remedial actions. Fixed liability limits are preferred to prevent the escalation of risk assessment costs and the rise in insurance premiums, demonstrating a concern for the protection of business interests.
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2025-10-08
First reading of the Draft Act on Amendments to the Health Insurance Act and the Occupational Health and Safety Act (717 SE)

The 15th Riigikogu, 6th Session, Plenary Sitting

Economic perspectives emphasize the availability of accurate wage and tax data declared by businesses, and the necessity for the digital state to utilize this data efficiently. This points to support for administrative efficiency and data-driven governance, aimed at preventing undue administrative burden.
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2025-10-08
First Reading of the Bill (663 SE) on the Accession to the Convention Establishing the International Organization for Navigational Aids

The 15th Riigikogu, 6th Session, Plenary Sitting

Economic views center on the financial impact and value of international commitments. The necessity of ensuring that paid dues grant decision-making authority is stressed, raising doubts about the futility of payments made when one is excluded from the decision-makers' table.
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2025-10-08
First reading of the Draft Decision of the Riigikogu (658 OE) "Making a Proposal to the Government of the Republic to Develop a Plan for Increasing Competition in the Mobile Communications Market and Accelerating Number Portability"

The 15th Riigikogu, 6th Session, Plenary Sitting

The speaker strongly advocates for the market economy and opposes state intervention in corporate finances, viewing the idea of limiting profit margins as ideologically alien. The emphasis is on entrepreneurial freedom and skepticism toward distribution policy.
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2025-10-08
Continuation of the first reading of the Draft Law on the State Budget for 2026 (737 SE)

The 15th Riigikogu, 6th Session, Plenary Sitting

Economic perspectives heavily emphasize fiscal discipline, criticizing the rapid growth of the budget deficit (4.5%) and the national debt (€11.5 billion), alongside the significant borrowing requirement (€1.7 billion). The speaker deems the current level of spending irresponsible, particularly the redirection of CO2 quota revenue towards climate policy, and demands that spending be kept within the country's means.
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2025-10-07
First Reading of the 2026 State Budget Bill (737 SE)

The 15th Riigikogu, 6th Session, Plenary Sitting

Economic perspectives are centered on the transparency and accountability of fiscal policy, demanding clarification regarding the ideological foundation of economic decisions. The speaker highlights the tensions between the government, economic forecasters, and business owners, criticizing the minister's readiness to criticize external economic players.
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2025-09-23
Open mic

15th Riigikogu, 6th sitting, plenary session

His economic views are sharply focused on criticizing the green transition, arguing that it destroys industry and competitiveness, citing the decline of Germany and the United Kingdom as prime examples. He emphasizes the necessity of broadly developing traditional energy sources (nuclear, coal) to preserve the welfare state. Furthermore, he supports technological innovations that genuinely improve people's lives.
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2025-09-22
Inquiry regarding a naval operation (no. 784) that failed and ended with the risk of military confrontation.

15th Riigikogu, 6th sitting, plenary session

Insufficient data.
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2025-09-17
Re-examination of the Act Amending the Act Preventing Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing and the Act on International Sanctions (640 UA), which was not announced by the President of the Republic

15th Riigikogu, 6th sitting, plenary sitting.

The economic arguments are implicit, criticizing the coalition for rushing to secure 3.5 million euros in European funding without properly examining the substance of the legislation. This suggests a priority where democratic values and the rule of law must outweigh financial incentives.
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2025-09-17
Draft law (667 SE) for the third reading amending the Atmosphere Protection Act and other laws (partial transposition of amendments to the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Directive)

15th Riigikogu, 6th sitting, plenary sitting.

There is not enough data.
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2025-09-11
Draft law amending the Act on the Election of Municipal Councils (639 SE) – First Reading

15th Riigikogu, 6th sitting, plenary session

Not enough data.
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2025-09-10
A written request for a vote of no confidence in Social Minister Karmen Joller, submitted by 21 members of the Riigikogu.

15th Riigikogu, 6th sitting, plenary session

Not enough data
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2025-09-10
The suitability of the acting Minister of Defence for their position.

15th Riigikogu, 6th sitting, press briefing

Economic views focus on fiscal discipline and the transparency of tax money usage, demanding accountability for the expenditure of defense investments. Concern is expressed that the State Audit Office cannot get a clear picture of the proper accounting of hundreds of millions of euros, which points to a strong emphasis on streamlining public sector financial management.
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2025-09-09
The Minister of Defence's 2025 presentation on the implementation of the state's long-term development strategy "Estonia 2035"

15th Riigikogu, 6th sitting, plenary session.

The economic perspective focuses on the discipline and accountability of public finance, requiring strict internal controls in the management of significant state assets (over 720 million euros) within the defense sector. The necessity of transparency and auditability is emphasized.
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2025-09-09
Hearing on Elering's Strategy (No. 741)

15th Riigikogu, 6th sitting, plenary session

Economic perspectives stress the importance of competitiveness and economic growth, which are directly tied to a sensible energy supply. They are critical of European over-regulation and support energy independence, arguing that the current reliance on imports is causing the economy to stagnate.
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2025-09-08
Inquiry Regarding the Development of Nuclear Energy in Estonia (No. 786)

15th Riigikogu, 6th sitting, plenary session

Economic perspectives are tied directly to energy security, stressing that the future of the European economy is jeopardized by its heavy reliance on imported fossil fuels. This indicates support for strategies designed to reduce import dependency and enhance the geopolitical standing, clearly favoring stable energy sources.
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2025-09-04
Chair implementation

15th Riigikogu, extraordinary session of the Riigikogu

Economically, he opposes green regulations that restrict economic activity, as well as budget cuts (specifically road funding). He supports implementing a bank tax on extraordinary profits—those generated by rapidly passing on interest rate increases to borrowers but not to depositors—while simultaneously ensuring predictability for the banks. He advocates for exempting Eesti Energia’s oil shale production from the requirement to purchase CO2 quotas, aiming to guarantee affordable and continuous electricity generation.
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2025-06-19
Draft law amending the Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Prevention Act and the International Sanctions Act (640 SE) – third reading

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary session

The economic views primarily concern the collection and profiling of data belonging to Estonian companies, expressing concern over the scope of state surveillance concerning business activities. Specific economic policy positions (taxation, trade) are absent.
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2025-06-19
Draft law amending the Accounting Act (600 SE) – third reading

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary session

The economic views are strongly opposed to regulations, emphasizing the need to reduce bureaucracy and reporting obligations (such as ESG), which the Reform Party previously mistakenly considered necessary for Estonia's competitiveness. He/She criticizes state intervention in the activities of entrepreneurs and property owners (e.g., forest cutting requirements).
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2025-06-19
Draft Law on Annulment of the Motor Vehicle Tax Act (647 SE) - First Reading

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary session

The economic focus is on the motor vehicle tax and its impact on the state budget. The speaker highlights a dichotomy: the tax is admittedly bad, but funds are necessary for the state budget, implicitly referring to the balance between fiscal discipline and the tax burden.
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2025-06-17
Draft law amending the Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Prevention Act and the International Sanctions Act (640 SE) - second reading

15th Estonian Parliament, 5th session, plenary session

It expresses strong opposition to the government's policy, which allegedly "strips you of your money" and makes people poor. It views the new database and regulation as part of a state effort to "tighten the screws," signaling resistance to extensive state control over private individuals' assets and economic activity. It lists the data being collected (income and social tax declarations, VAT and customs declarations), emphasizing the threat to economic privacy.
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2025-06-16
Draft law amending the Emergency Situations Act and other laws (662 SE) - first reading

XV Riigikogu, V Session, Plenary Sitting

Economic outlooks stress fiscal responsibility and strict cost control regarding government projects. Concern is expressed over the necessity for extra funding and the resulting delays caused by hidden costs and inefficient technological development.
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2025-06-16
Draft law amending the Waste Act and, in consequence, amending other laws (657 SE) – first reading

XV Riigikogu, V Session, Plenary Sitting

The speaker uses economic logic and business principles to criticize the policy, emphasizing that when dealing with valuable raw materials, costs should not be increasing for consumers and local municipalities. The main focus is on reducing costs, adhering to market logic, and opposing a mandatory minimum fee that penalizes economical behavior.
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2025-06-16
Draft law amending the Accounting Act (600 SE) - second reading

XV Riigikogu, V Session, Plenary Sitting

Advocates for boosting economic growth by reducing the regulatory burden, and is strongly opposed to ESG reporting, which they consider an obstacle to the economy. They stress the necessity of focusing on employment and economic development in addition to defense capabilities.
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2025-06-04
Draft law amending the State Audit Act, the Political Parties Act, and other laws (control body for political party funding) – first reading.

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary session

The speaker advocates for reducing bureaucracy and achieving cost savings that would result from abolishing regulatory bodies. He criticizes the rising tax burden (citing 36% of GDP) and supports transparent donations (bank transfers, not "the cash-in-plastic-bags kind of thing"), while favoring broader advertising freedom for private individuals and events.
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2025-06-04
Draft law amending the Environmental Levies Act (615 SE) – First Reading

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary session

Economic views are critical of the high costs and inefficiency of green energy, stressing the necessity for expensive grid investments and batteries. It accuses the current system of operating under an unfair business model where wind turbines destabilize the grid, and others profit from balancing it—costs that are ultimately paid for by all consumers.
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2025-06-04
Rail Baltic

15th Riigikogu, 5th sitting, press briefing

Not enough data
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2025-05-22
Draft law amending the Value Added Tax Act (596 SE) – First Reading

Fifteenth Riigikogu, Fifth Session, Plenary Session.

Economic perspectives clearly favor capital and money being primarily in the hands of entrepreneurs, rather than the state. The speaker criticizes the artificial generation of tax surpluses and warns against excessive taxation, which could damage the economy and lead to widespread impoverishment. He advocates for a comprehensive and sustainable approach to tax policy.
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2025-05-21
Draft law amending the Income Tax Act (597 SE) - First Reading

Fifteenth Riigikogu, Fifth Session, Plenary Session.

The speaker strongly opposes the government's tax policy, especially the move to make temporary tax hikes permanent. Their economic stance is articulated through a critique of fiscal dishonesty, emphasizing the government's breach of promises concerning taxes.
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2025-05-21
Draft law on establishing tax peace (607 SE) – first reading

Fifteenth Riigikogu, Fifth Session, Plenary Session.

Economic considerations focus on the transparent analysis of the full and consolidated impact of changes to the tax burden. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of knowing the aggregate impact of changes to all levies and charges, in order to ensure responsible fiscal policy.
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2025-05-21
The Minister of Energy and Environment's 2025 presentation on the implementation of the long-term development strategy "Estonia 2035"

Fifteenth Riigikogu, Fifth Session, Plenary Session.

The speaker advocates for an economic policy focused on supporting activities that generate revenue for the country, contrasting this approach with green and social projects that drain funds. He strongly supports utilizing the domestic energy source (oil shale) as the foundation of the economy and promotes regulatory relief—specifically, abolishing the mandatory purchase of CO2 quotas—to ensure affordable electricity and the independent sustainability of producers in the market.
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2025-05-21
First reading of the draft resolution of the Riigikogu "Proposal to the Government of the Republic to initiate proceedings in the European Union to invalidate the obligation to prepare sustainability reports" (601 OE)

Fifteenth Riigikogu, Fifth Session, Plenary Session.

His/Her economic views are strongly geared toward reducing bureaucracy and regulations, taking a stand against mandatory reporting requirements. He/She advocates for voluntary action and supports simplifying the business environment to avoid imposing additional burdens on entrepreneurs.
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2025-05-19
Inquiry Regarding the Security of the Southeastern Border Region of Estonia (No. 729)

15th Riigikogu, Fifth Session, Plenary Session.

It supports measures aimed at revitalizing the economy of Southeast Estonia, noting that incomes remain 27% below the Estonian average and that job opportunities are scarce. It advocates for establishing regional differentiation to channel a greater volume of European Union structural funds into rural areas, including Southeast Estonia, for the purpose of promoting development.
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2025-05-15
Draft law on harmonizing the State Budget Act with the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia (580 SE) – first reading

15th Riigikogu, 5th sitting, plenary session

The economic perspectives relate to the legality of the state budget and its compliance with the constitution. Emphasis is placed on the importance of adhering to fiscal discipline and the legal framework in public finance, but specific positions regarding taxes or expenditures are not put forward.
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2025-05-15
Draft law amending the Nature Conservation Act, the Hunting Act, and the State Property Act (612 SE) – First Reading

15th Riigikogu, 5th sitting, plenary session

Economic views emphasize the protection of private property rights and the requirement for compensation based on fair market price when the state restricts economic activity. The state's actions are viewed as an attempt to solve budgetary problems at the expense of private owners, forcing them to bear the cost of public nature conservation. The state's logic, according to which the value of the land drops by half due to the restrictions, is criticized.
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2025-05-15
Draft law amending the general part of the Environmental Code Act and other laws (611 SE) - first reading

15th Riigikogu, 5th sitting, plenary session

Not enough data.
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2025-05-15
Draft law (610 SE) for amending the Nature Conservation Act and, in consequence, amending other laws (Nature assessment) – first reading

15th Riigikogu, 5th sitting, plenary session

Opposition is expressed to the complete prohibition of economic activity (such as logging), even if this would reduce bureaucracy for both businesses and government officials. Continued human activity in natural areas is supported, and court decisions that halt economic activity are criticized (for example, rulings concerning the oil shale plant and hunting). The preference is to establish regulations instead of implementing a complete ban.
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2025-05-15
Draft law (587 SE) on joining the protocol amending the Convention on offences and certain other acts committed on board aircraft

15th Riigikogu, 5th sitting, plenary session

There is too little data.
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2025-05-14
Draft law amending the Securities Market Act and, in consequence thereof, amending other laws (588 SE) – second reading

15th Riigikogu, 5th sitting, plenary session

These economic perspectives are expressed through opposition to state intervention in the formation of private enterprise governing bodies via quotas. This points to a preference for limiting the regulatory burden on the private sector and includes criticism regarding the state's perceived duplicity.
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2025-05-14
First reading of the draft resolution of the Riigikogu "Proposal to the Republic's Government to submit an application to the European Commission for the exemption of energy production companies from the obligation to purchase CO2 quotas" (619 OE)

15th Riigikogu, 5th sitting, plenary session

Economic views are strongly centered on growth and competitiveness, emphasizing the critical role of affordable input energy in securing industry and welfare. The politician opposes the CO2 quota system, which, in his estimation, has become a financial instrument in bankers' portfolios rather than an effective climate measure. He advocates for a nationally guaranteed favorable electricity price for the businesses and citizens of his country.
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2025-05-14
First reading of the draft resolution of the Riigikogu "Proposal to the Republic of Estonia’s Government to submit a negative supplementary budget bill to reduce administrative expenses in 2025" (608 OE)

15th Riigikogu, 5th sitting, plenary session

The economic perspectives emphasize fiscal discipline and the reduction of state budget expenditures, specifically pointing out concrete areas for cost savings. Increasing budget transparency (improving clarity) is also crucial.
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2025-05-14
First reading of the draft resolution of the Riigikogu concerning the appointment of members of the Estonian National Broadcasting Council from recognised experts in the field of activity of the Estonian National Broadcasting. (643 OE)

15th Riigikogu, 5th sitting, plenary session

The economic perspectives concern the regulation of private companies through gender quotas, specifically in the context of an amendment to the Securities Market Act. The speaker expresses opposition to imposing a state-mandated framework on the private sector, particularly when the state itself fails to adhere to those very rules.
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2025-05-14
Reconsideration of the Act Amending the Act on Churches and Religious Communities (570 UA), Not Proclaimed by the President of the Republic

15th Riigikogu, 5th sitting, plenary session

Insufficient data.
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2025-05-14
Draft law amending the Electricity Market Act (556 SE) – third reading

15th Riigikogu, 5th sitting, plenary session

Economic perspectives emphasize cost control and fiscal responsibility, warning against unreasonable overinvestment in renewable energy. Ideological commitments are economically detrimental, and energy production must be based on profitability and dispatchability. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is considered economically unviable, as it would require the quota price to rise to 200 euros.
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2025-05-12
Request for information regarding population register entries (no. 754)

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary sitting.

Insufficient data.
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2025-05-12
Inquiry regarding the Võru shooting range (no 737)

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary sitting.

Economic perspectives emphasize fiscal prudence and the efficient utilization of resources, arguing that "it is always wise to count the money." This supports concentrated development (for example, in Põlva) rather than scattered investments, in order to achieve maximum benefit with limited resources.
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2025-05-12
Inquiry regarding coping policies (no 736)

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary sitting.

The economic platform is heavily focused on alleviating the tax burden, particularly for low-income individuals. The speaker opposes both the proposed car tax and the VAT increase, arguing that reforming tax policy is a more effective measure for improving people's financial well-being than simply increasing benefits. These views clearly prioritize social justice achieved through tax policy.
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2025-05-07
Second reading of the draft law amending the Electricity Market Act (556 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary sitting

Supports strict fiscal transparency and opposes imposing hidden costs (a hidden tax disguised as a network fee) on consumers. It emphasizes that all input costs, including the cost of capital, must be reflected in the consumer price to ensure fair competition and prevent market distortion through subsidies. It considers affordable electricity input a key factor in improving the competitiveness of Estonian economic sectors.
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2025-05-07
Draft law amending the Planning Act and other laws (accelerating the adoption of renewable energy) (541 SE) - second reading

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary sitting

The economic views are strongly opposed to tax hikes (VAT, electricity excise) and new taxes (car tax), emphasizing their negative impact on both the state budget and the populace. The criticism focuses on the government’s incompetence in making financial forecasts, citing examples of large amounts of uncollected revenue.
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2025-04-24
Debate on the nationally significant issue "The Drawbacks of Wind Power," initiated by the faction of the Estonian Conservative People's Party.

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary session

The speaker's position is that affordable and reliable energy is the bedrock of a strong economy and a prosperous welfare state. He criticizes government plans that will result in the use of more expensive imported energy fuel (gas) and the squandering of billions (which he describes as "throwing money to the wind"). While he supports the right of entrepreneurs to earn profits, he is opposed to a framework that allows a small, select group to skim the cream off the top at the public sector's expense.
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2025-04-23
Second reading of the draft law amending the Electricity Market Act (555 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary session

The preference is for economically advantageous solutions, emphasizing oil shale's significantly lower fuel cost (half the price) compared to imported gas. It issues a warning against the exploitation of legislative loopholes, which could drive up electricity prices and related costs for Estonian consumers (citing the Kiisa plant sales scheme and arbitration as examples). The focus is on supporting fiscal prudence in energy governance, rather than relying on temporary political decisions.
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2025-04-23
Government renovation

15th Riigikogu, 5th sitting, press briefing

The speaker voiced strong opposition to the government's "principles of building socialism," arguing that these policies have led to a loss of optimistic hope among Estonian people and entrepreneurs. This suggests a clear preference for a more market-oriented approach and highlights concerns about the current business environment.
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2025-04-17
Draft Law Amending the Value Added Tax Act (593 SE) – First Reading

15th Estonian Parliament, 5th session, plenary session

Strongly supports lowering taxes (specifically, VAT on food to 5%) to boost domestic consumption and revitalize the economy, stressing that the more disposable income people have, the better they are able to cope. It opposes government waste on major projects (railway, ideological energy subsidies) and proposes using these funds as a source to cover the 400 million euro budget shortfall. It prioritizes fiscal freedom and reduced state intervention, arguing that excessive intervention stifles innovation.
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2025-04-17
First reading of the draft resolution of the Riigikogu, "Submitting a proposal to the Republic of Estonia's Government to reduce the VAT on foodstuffs to 9 percent" (579 OE)

15th Estonian Parliament, 5th session, plenary session

Economic perspectives are linked to the impact of VAT and tax relief, emphasizing the need for reliable economic research to serve as the foundation for political decisions. This implicitly supports the ongoing discussion regarding the easing of the tax burden.
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2025-04-14
Inquiry regarding energy supply reliability (no. 717)

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary sitting

Economic positions emphasize ensuring energy security through domestic production capacity, which would reduce reliance on imports. This implicitly supports investments in traditional energy infrastructure (oil, gas), contrasting with green objectives that impede domestic production.
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2025-04-14
Inquiry regarding the energy sector (no. 724)

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary sitting

Economic perspectives focus on the profitability of energy production and the financial sustainability of the state. The speaker warns against oversizing intermittent power generation, which fails to generate revenue, and emphasizes the need for dispatchable capacities. The objective is to avoid expensive imports and support industrial development, rather than selling electricity at zero price.
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2025-04-09
Draft law amending the Income Tax Act (566 SE) – First Reading

15th Estonian Parliament, 5th session, plenary session

Economic views favor regulating the financial sector to prevent profiteering and ensure fairness between borrowers and depositors. It supports boosting the state budget with windfall revenues, while opposing cuts to social benefits and the Reform Party's previous plan to introduce a general corporate income tax. It emphasizes that taxation should only target extraordinary profits, not income derived from innovation or productivity.
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2025-04-09
Continuation of the first reading of the draft law on declaring the Motor Vehicle Tax Act invalid (592 SE)

15th Estonian Parliament, 5th session, plenary session

Economic policy views are strongly focused on reducing the tax burden and abolishing the existing car tax due to its inherently unfair nature. The speaker also opposes the Social Democrats' proposal to replace the car tax with a progressive income tax and other levies, citing broad public resistance to tax increases. The focus remains on the fairness of the tax system and easing the tax burden on families.
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2025-04-09
USA and Estonia relations

15th Riigikogu, 5th sitting, information briefing

Insufficient data.
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2025-04-08
Draft law on declaring the Motor Vehicle Tax Act invalid (592 SE) - first reading

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary sitting

The speaker is strongly opposed to new taxes (such as the car tax), especially when the justification provided is a lack of funds. Emphasis is placed on the need for fiscal discipline and better utilization of existing resources, criticizing the state's failure to use a billion euros. Also under criticism are the government's expenditures on NGOs and politically connected energy projects (wind farms).
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2025-04-08
Draft law amending the Securities Market Act and, in consequence thereof, amending other laws (588 SE) - first reading

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary sitting

The economic views are tied to regulating the composition of companies' governing bodies (the underrepresented gender), which relates to corporate governance, but broader standpoints on taxes or trade are absent.
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2025-03-24
Draft law amending the Electricity Market Act (568 SE) - First Reading

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary session.

Advocates for the termination of state subsidies and opposes the ideas of a planned economy, stressing that renewable energy increases the total cost to society. It supports industrial development through low input costs and demands the government grant Estonian energy production companies an exemption from the CO2 quota fee. It views the practice of concealing costs through taxation as a socialist approach.
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2025-03-19
What is the prime minister’s big plan for Estonia?

15th Riigikogu, 5th sitting, press briefing.

Previously, the Prime Minister supported broad-based taxation (income tax starting from the first euro and corporate profits) as part of a security tax framework, though she later abandoned the plan, and no cuts were made. She seems to believe that economic improvement stems more from cyclical factors and the situation of neighboring countries than from direct government intervention.
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2025-03-18
Draft law amending the Political Parties Act and the Credit Institutions Act (585 SE) – first reading

Fifteenth Riigikogu, fifth sitting, plenary session

The economic stance aims for a radical reduction of bureaucracy concerning the oversight of political party funding. A simplified and transparent system is favored, which would allow both businesses and private individuals to support political parties. This position supports deregulation and efficiency.
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2025-03-18
Draft law amending the Aliens Act and, in consequence thereof, amending other laws (to improve migration proceedings) – second reading

Fifteenth Riigikogu, fifth sitting, plenary session

The capacity of major film projects to bring substantial economic gain—"a lot of money"—to the country is recognized. However, skepticism is also expressed regarding the policy of incentivizing the use of foreign actors, with a hint that local workers should perhaps be prioritized.
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2025-03-17
Inquiry Regarding Maarjamaa United School (No. 710)

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary sitting

The position strongly supports fiscal discipline and austerity, criticizing the expenditure of 850,000 euros on non-essential projects. The economic perspective stresses the necessity of prioritizing funding for core public services and avoiding ideologically driven waste.
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2025-03-17
Inquiry regarding the financing of Russian-language Delfi and ETV+

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary sitting

There are no economic standpoints, but the issue of tax hikes was mentioned as a negative example of political dishonesty, referencing Kaja Kallas’s past actions.
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2025-03-17
Inquiry Regarding the Impact of Car Tax on Families with Children (No. 705)

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary sitting

The economic position is strongly opposed to new taxes, especially when they are unfair and burdensome. The car tax is viewed as a cynical calculation designed to squeeze money out of target groups who have no way to avoid the payment. It supports the abolition of the car tax.
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2025-02-27
A written request from 21 members of the Riigikogu expressing a vote of no confidence in Climate Minister Yoko Alender.

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary sitting

Strong opposition is voiced against raising taxes, which contradicts promises made during the election campaign. Criticism is leveled against the socialization of costs and the extensive use of taxpayer funds in energy systems, particularly through the relaxation of European state aid rules. The preference is for economic policies based on the country's actual resources.
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2025-02-25
Draft law amending the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia (536 SE) – second reading

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary session

Not enough data.
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2025-02-12
A written request for a vote of no confidence in Prime Minister Kristen Michal, submitted by 29 members of the Riigikogu.

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary session

Economic views are strongly fiscally conservative, criticizing the worsening budget situation and government decisions that are making Estonia poorer. Emphasis is placed on the need to streamline the energy sector as a prerequisite for economic growth. They are particularly opposed to the 2.6 billion euro subsidy, which is viewed as throwing money down the drain.
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2025-02-11
A debate on foreign policy initiated as a matter of significant national importance by the Foreign Affairs Committee.

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary sitting

Insufficient data
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2025-01-29
Relations with the United States

15th Estonian Parliament, 5th sitting, information briefing

Data unavailable. (The 5% defense spending topic is mentioned only in connection with Ligi's criticism, not as the speaker's own economic viewpoint.)
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2025-01-28
Draft Law on Approving Amendments to the Articles of the International Reconstruction and Development Bank (558 SE) - First Reading

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary session

Economic perspectives emphasize the importance of financial discipline and risk management, particularly concerning the enhancement of flexibility within international institutions. It is crucial to know both Estonia's financial stake in the IBRD and to compare international requirements with domestic capital adequacy requirements.
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2025-01-28
Draft law amending the Aliens Act and, in consequence thereof, amending other laws (to enhance migration procedures) – first reading

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary session

The economic views are pragmatic: they support bringing necessary specialists to Estonia to stimulate the economy, while requesting relaxed regulations for specific sectors and family members. However, strong concern is simultaneously expressed regarding the distortion of the labor market and the unfair competition that arises from the abuse of the migration system (for example, in the taxi industry).
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2025-01-27
Inquiry regarding elementary school textbooks (no. 672)

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary session

No data available
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2025-01-22
Draft law amending the Electricity Market Act (556 SE) – first reading

15th Estonian Parliament, 5th session, plenary session.

Economic views are focused on protecting consumers from high electricity prices and grid fees. The speaker criticizes the subsidizing of renewable energy developers regarding grid development costs, which, in his assessment, shifts the burden onto consumers. He advocates for proportional cost sharing with large consumers, citing the model used in the US state of Michigan.
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2025-01-22
Draft law amending the Electricity Market Act (555 SE) - First Reading

15th Estonian Parliament, 5th session, plenary session.

Economic perspectives emphasize the system's total cost and stability, expressing skepticism toward subsidies (net metering) that favor a narrow sector at the expense of society. The speaker argues that prioritizing intermittent generation actually drives up costs because it necessitates expensive grid services to maintain stability.
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2025-01-22
Draft law amending the Value Added Tax Act (539 SE) - First Reading

15th Estonian Parliament, 5th session, plenary session.

Strongly supports lowering taxes (specifically VAT on food products) to improve people's economic well-being, and opposes any tax hikes. It stresses the necessity of ending government wasteful spending to prevent the need for tax increases. The belief is that by monitoring the government and sending a clear message, the benefits of tax reductions will reach consumers, rather than simply boosting corporate profits.
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2025-01-22
Continuation of the first reading of the draft law declaring the Motor Vehicle Tax Act invalid (538 SE)

15th Estonian Parliament, 5th session, plenary session.

The speaker is a strong advocate for fiscal discipline and economic growth, stressing the need to give the economy "oxygen" through tax reductions and regulatory relief. He/She is categorically opposed to large state subsidies (wind turbines) and expenditures (biodiversity), viewing them as strangling enterprise and causing poverty.
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2025-01-22
Value-Added Tax on Foodstuffs

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, information briefing

Strongly supports tax cuts (VAT, excise duties) as a tool for improving people's livelihood and lowering prices. The representative holds the view that tax cuts will reach consumers if the government actively monitors the situation and takes corresponding measures against merchants. The views lean toward fiscal relief for consumers.
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2025-01-21
Draft law amending the Act on the Implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union and the Feed Act (546 SE) – Second Reading

15th Riigikogu, 5th sitting, plenary session

The economic views are strongly focused on deregulation and anti-bureaucracy, supporting the interests of agricultural producers. The speaker criticizes policies that increase costs and control, stressing that bureaucracy is actually being expanded rather than reduced (referencing the Draghi report). He calls on farmers to establish representative organizations independent of the state to better safeguard their economic interests.
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2025-01-20
Inquiry regarding the promotion of family and large families (no. 667)

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary session

The speaker is strongly opposed to tax hikes (income tax, VAT, excise duties, car tax), arguing that they will severely impact family budgets and hit large families particularly hard. He/She criticizes the government's economic policy for failing to curb inflation and supports maintaining family benefits and providing tax breaks for families with children. The preference is for fiscal easing and leaving money in the hands of the people.
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2025-01-15
Corruption risks in government decisions

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, information briefing

Economic perspectives are indirectly tied to national development and the energy sector, highlighting the necessity of removing factors that impede progress. Specific stances on taxes, fiscal discipline, or trade are lacking.
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2025-01-15
Nordica Special Audit Final Report

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, information briefing

Economic scrutiny is focusing on the transparency and accountability of state-owned enterprise management in connection with the Nordica bankruptcy proceedings. The objective is to ensure that poor management is held responsible for the damages incurred.
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2025-01-15
Security

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, information briefing

It supports a market-based approach to renewable energy, requiring developers to operate without government support. It also emphasizes that developers must cover the costs of additional grid upgrades themselves. This indicates a preference for reducing state subsidies and ensuring fiscal responsibility within the energy sector.
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2025-01-14
Draft law amending the Act of the Chancellor of Justice and the Prosecutor's Office Act (524 SE) – first reading

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary session

The economic platform centers on strict control and transparency regarding public funds (specifically representation allowances and expense reimbursements). The speaker stresses the necessity of knowing precisely what the money was spent on (e.g., wine versus informational materials), indicating a strong commitment to fiscal accountability.
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2025-01-13
Inquiry regarding the court budget reduction plan (no. 669)

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary session

Insufficient data.
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2025-01-13
Inquiry regarding the closure of the Jõhvi Courthouse (no 666)

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary session

Strong economic positions are being taken against "excessive taxes," which the coalition is blamed for implementing. There is support for making state budget expenditures more efficient, but doubts remain whether the current closure of institutions represents genuine efficiency.
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2025-01-13
Inquiry regarding the stability and price of electricity production (no. 670)

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary session

Economic perspectives highlight the critical role of energy pricing and stability within the economy, pointing out that high electricity costs are indicative of a crisis. This approach advocates for the deployment of emergency power stations during crisis situations and criticizes regulatory burdens that jeopardize rational energy production. Furthermore, it supports retaining existing generation capacities (gas plants, oil shale) in the interest of economic stability.
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2025-01-13
Request for information regarding the restoration and resilience plan and the use of oil shale (no. 668)

15th Riigikogu, 5th session, plenary session

Economic perspectives emphasize the low cost of fossil fuels and criticize administrative taxes and emissions trading schemes that artificially inflate energy prices. Opposition is expressed to passing hidden costs (such as maintaining reserve capacity) onto consumers through grid tariffs or tax hikes. Support is given to measures that stimulate economic growth based on affordable energy.
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2024-12-16
Overview of the Implementation of the "Fundamental Principles of Law-Making Policy Until 2030" in 2023.

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary session

Insufficient data.
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2024-12-16
Overview of the Implementation of the Fundamentals of Criminal Policy until 2030

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary session

Insufficient data.
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2024-12-16
Draft law amending the Waste Act and, in consequence, amending other laws (461 SE) - third reading

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary session

Economic viewpoints are strongly opposed to taxes, particularly when they are hastily implemented and increase the financial burden on citizens. The use of levies as a hidden tax is considered an unfair way to fill the state budget, unnecessarily burdening the public.
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2024-12-04
Second reading of the draft law amending the Alcohol, Tobacco, Fuel and Electricity Excise Tax Act and other laws (510 SE)

15th Estonian Parliament, 4th session, plenary sitting

The economic outlook is strongly opposed to tax increases, arguing that they reduce state revenue and negatively affect both economic activity and consumer purchasing power. It stresses the necessity of reducing national debt and the deficit, but criticizes the government's current methods, which, according to projections, will fail to improve the situation. It warns that the continuous stifling of economic activity will ensure Estonia remains the country in Europe experiencing the deepest recession.
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2024-12-04
Second reading of the draft resolution of the Riigikogu concerning "The use of the Defence Forces in fulfilling the Republic of Estonia's international obligations as part of the United Kingdom's joint expeditionary force" (483 OE)

15th Estonian Parliament, 4th session, plenary sitting

The economic views concern the management of the state budget and the targeted use of defense expenditures. Emphasis is placed on the need to clarify the reduction in funding for provisions procurement, which raises concerns regarding budgetary discipline and the adequacy of resources for national defense.
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2024-12-04
Second reading of the draft resolution of the Riigikogu "Extension of the Term of Use of the Defence Forces in the Implementation of Estonia's International Obligations in the European Union's Military Assistance Mission in Mozambique" (480 OE)

15th Estonian Parliament, 4th session, plenary sitting

Economic perspectives support the continued necessity of gas as a fossil fuel for Europe, but they criticize the inherent contradictions in the rhetoric surrounding the green transition. The speaker sharply criticizes corruption and the prioritization of large business projects (LNG), noting that the protection of the population and local economic benefits are treated as secondary concerns.
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2024-12-04
The second reading of the draft resolution (479 OE) of the Riigikogu concerning "The use of the Defence Forces in fulfilling Estonia’s international obligations in a North Atlantic Treaty Organization or member state, European Union, or United Nations-led international military operation, upon its initial contribution"

15th Estonian Parliament, 4th session, plenary sitting

There is not enough data.
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2024-12-04
Draft law amending the 2024 State Budget Act (517 SE) – third reading

15th Estonian Parliament, 4th session, plenary sitting

Economic views emphasize the need for fiscal discipline and reducing the overall size of the state budget. The speaker advocates for an expenditure-based budget that would limit officials' freedom to reallocate funds and reduce the volume of carry-over appropriations. The inefficiency of the budget is illustrated by an example where funds were lacking during the teachers' strike, yet surpluses were discovered at the end of the year.
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2024-12-03
First reading of the draft resolution "Increasing the Republic of Estonia's participation in the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development" (542 OE)

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary sitting

Economic views stress fiscal responsibility and ensuring the designated use of funds for large capital investments. The speaker is concerned that the money might be utilized more broadly than originally earmarked for economic aid, citing the necessity for strict financial discipline.
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2024-11-21
Discussion of the nationally significant issue initiated by the Environment Committee: "The Impact of Climate Change on Estonia's Legal Framework and Economy."

15th Estonian Parliament, 4th sitting, plenary session

Economic perspectives stress the crucial role of profit (or super-profit) as the foundation for innovation, science, and culture, often arguing that profit is the ultimate savior of the world. There is strong opposition to market distortions, such as subsidies and the use of legislation specifically designed to eliminate competitors (citing the example of the tire block). Furthermore, the slogan promoting the decoupling of economic growth from resource consumption is criticized as being unrealistic.
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2024-11-20
Draft law amending the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia (527 SE) – first reading

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary sitting

Data is scarce.
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2024-11-20
Draft law amending the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia (536 SE) – first reading

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary sitting

Not enough data.
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2024-11-20
The state's financial situation

15th Estonian Parliament, 4th sitting, press briefing.

The party/individual advocates for strict fiscal discipline and realistic revenue forecasts, demanding the drafting of a negative supplementary budget. They oppose excise tax hikes, arguing that these damage the economy due to increased border trade. Furthermore, they criticize the channeling of public funds (370 million euros) to construction, electricity, and travel companies (such as Enefit Connect and Estravel) under the guise of tertiary education, preferring investments that genuinely advance the country (for example, a nuclear regulator).
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2024-11-20
The situation in the country

15th Estonian Parliament, 4th sitting, press briefing.

Economic perspectives are focused on controlling the financial risks and budgetary discipline of major projects. Concern is expressed regarding potential financial sanctions resulting from the delay of Rail Baltic, underscoring the necessity of understanding the financial consequences for Estonia.
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2024-11-14
Draft law amending the Social Welfare Act and the Health Services Organisation Act (regarding the provision of independent nursing care as a 24-hour special care service) (496 SE) – second reading

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary session.

There is not enough data.
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2024-11-13
Second reading of the draft law on the 2025 state budget (513 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary session.

The speaker advocates for strict fiscal discipline and improving the nation's financial standing, contrasting this approach with the current trend of rising debt burdens and deficits. He is strongly opposed to bureaucracy and non-productive activities (such as environmental footprint assessments) and calls for sharp cuts in public relations expenditures. Furthermore, he stresses the negative impact of inflation and criticizes the government's claims regarding real wage growth.
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2024-11-13
Draft law amending the 2024 State Budget Act (517 SE) – Second Reading

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary session.

Economic views emphasize fiscal discipline and transparency in state budget spending. The speaker strongly opposes the government's practice of utilizing funds during the year differently than originally proposed, and calls for more responsible budget management.
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2024-11-13
Draft law amending the State Budget Act (511 SE) - Second Reading

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary session.

He supports strong fiscal discipline and transparency, demanding that limits be placed on the executive branch regarding budget reallocation. He criticizes the expenditure of public funds on non-profit organizations whose activities (such as axe throwing) should, in his view, be financed by private funds contributed by interested individuals. He advocates for cost-based budgeting.
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2024-11-13
Government action plan in light of the results of the US presidential election

15th Riigikogu, 4th sitting, information briefing

Economic perspectives favor cheap energy based on fossil fuels and nuclear power, in contrast to the high cost of renewable energy, which is driven by taxes and grid fees. Support is given to terminating the administratively imposed CO2 emissions trading scheme in order to immediately make oil shale energy cost-effective. This position is aimed at economic growth and cost-effectiveness, opposing climate regulations.
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2024-11-11
Draft law on the partial repeal of the Value Added Tax Act Amendment Act (489 SE) – first reading

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary session

Strongly opposes tax increases (land tax, VAT, car tax) that harm families and people struggling to make ends meet. It criticizes asset-value-based taxation (land tax), calling it "red rhetoric" that forces people to put their real estate "into circulation" (i.e., monetize or sell it). It supports setting limits on tax increases to protect citizens from effective tax hikes.
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2024-11-11
Draft law amending the Act on Termination of Pregnancy and Sterilisation (459 SE) - First Reading

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary session

Economic views emphasize the responsible use of public funding and fiscal discipline. The speaker supports the principle that individuals should pay for elective services that lack medical justification.
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2024-11-06
Continuation of the first reading of the draft law repealing the Motor Vehicle Tax Act (488 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary sitting

The economic perspectives center on calling into question the necessity and positive impact of the motor vehicle tax (the 'car tax'). There is a demand for clarification on exactly how this tax is supposed to move the country forward, which clearly indicates skepticism regarding this fiscal policy measure.
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2024-11-06
Phosphorite

15th Estonian Parliament, 4th sitting, information briefing

Economic perspectives emphasize the urgent need to halt the loss of European competitiveness caused by the current green transition policies. The speaker advocates for investment in stable and weather-independent energy sources, in contrast to the prioritization of wind farms and solar parks.
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2024-11-05
Overview of the Government of the Republic’s Activities in the Implementation of European Union Policy

Fifteenth Riigikogu, fourth session, plenary session

Economic perspectives emphasize the urgent need for a competitive electricity price, as the current situation is negatively impacting industrial competitiveness. Long-term security of supply and stable energy prices are supported as prerequisites for a healthy economy.
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2024-11-04
Draft law amending the Sports Act (518 SE) - first reading

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary sitting

There is insufficient data.
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2024-11-04
Draft law amending the Maritime Safety Act (526 SE) – first reading

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary sitting

The speaker supports fiscal discipline, sharply criticizing the growth of the state budget deficit and the rising debt burden. He notes that the government is using a blunt instrument to stifle business sectors across the board, yet he demands justification for the preferential treatment of one specific sector, suggesting this might be due to lobbying influence.
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2024-11-04
Inquiry Regarding the Spread of Narcotics (no 650)

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary sitting

Concern is being expressed regarding the poor trajectory of the Estonian economy and energy sector, with these issues being used as indicators of the government's failure. These negative trends are linked to the period the Reform Party has been in power.
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2024-10-24
Second reading of the draft law (469 SE) ratifying the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) Convention No. 190 concerning the elimination of violence and harassment in the world of work

15th Riigikogu, 4th sitting, plenary session

We do not have enough information. Although the discussion relates to the labor convention, the speaker does not express views on taxes, budget, or trade, but merely mentions the theft of public funds in connection with the wetland restoration project.
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2024-10-23
A written request for a vote of no confidence in Finance Minister Jürgen Ligi, submitted by 29 members of the Riigikogu.

15th Riigikogu, 4th sitting, plenary session

The economic views concern the procedural aspect of budget management, expressing opposition to the minister's broad discretion when reallocating figures. This implies a preference for stricter limits and greater parliamentary oversight of budget execution.
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2024-10-23
Minister of the Interior's political statement on internal security

15th Riigikogu, 4th sitting, plenary session

There is not enough data.
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2024-10-23
The Minister's Suitability for Office

15th Riigikogu, 4th sitting, information briefing

No data available
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2024-10-23
Renewable Energy Support Payments

15th Riigikogu, 4th sitting, information briefing

Economic views emphasize the need to improve competitiveness and strongly oppose market-distorting subsidies that drive up electricity prices. Although the right of businesses to earn a profit is supported, the state's subsidization of a profitable state-owned enterprise (Eesti Energia) is criticized.
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2024-10-22
Draft law amending the Customs Act (515 SE) – first reading

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary session

The speaker addresses the regulation and enforcement of trade, emphasizing the need to halt economic activity linked to Russia's aggression. There is support for stricter customs measures and powers aimed at curbing unethical or sanctioned trade. This stance prioritizes national security over economic interests.
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2024-10-22
Draft law amending the Accounting Act and, as a consequence, amending other laws (516 SE) – first reading

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary session

The economic views are strongly pro-market and anti-regulation. It is emphasized that companies and banks should focus on making money, rather than promoting ideological and political agendas. Further regulation is considered detrimental to competitiveness both at the Estonian and European levels.
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2024-10-22
Draft resolution "Proposal to the Republic of Estonia's Government regarding the introduction of a temporary solidarity tax on the banking sector" (487 OE) – first reading

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary session

Support is given for taxing windfall profits in the banking sector to achieve budget balance and to steer banks towards raising deposit interest rates faster. Criticism is directed at banks that earned extraordinary profits by instantaneously passing the rise in Euribor on to borrowers while keeping deposit interest rates low. The tax is viewed as a regulatory tool for influencing bank behavior.
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2024-10-21
Inquiry Regarding the Confiscation of the Estonian Soldier Memorial (no 642)

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary sitting

Insufficient data.
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2024-10-21
Inquiry Regarding Tax Increases (No. 647)

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary sitting

The speaker voiced strong skepticism regarding the government's optimistic outlook on economic growth and backed the view that the government's tax increases (the "tax spree") are damaging the Estonian economy. He demanded clarification on what grounds the belief that the economy will begin to recover is based, and criticized the selective use of the Lithuanian precedent concerning the bank tax.
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2024-10-21
Request for Information Regarding Prison Space Rental (no. 645)

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary sitting

Not enough data.
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2024-10-16
Draft law on the 2025 state budget (513 SE) - first reading

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary sitting

Economic perspectives stress fiscal responsibility and expenditure efficiency. The speaker is critical of tax hikes, which, according to the Ministry of Finance's analysis, could actually diminish budget revenue. There is a demand that major investments (such as the 129 million allocated to the bio-economy) must yield positive economic indicators, rather than the projected decline in net added value.
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2024-10-16
Draft Security Tax Act (512 SE) – First Reading

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary sitting

Strongly opposed to tax hikes, particularly consumption taxes, arguing that they hurt low-income individuals and undermine competitiveness. It calls for strict fiscal discipline, criticizing wasteful spending and the expansion of the bureaucratic machine. Warnings are issued regarding the negative effect of profit tax on corporate behavior (specifically, the hiding of profits).
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2024-10-16
Draft law amending the State Budget Act (511 SE) - First Reading

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary sitting

Economic views emphasize the transparency of the state budget and strict fiscal discipline, requiring the mandatory itemization of expenditures according to economic cost types. The objective is to curb ministers' arbitrary reallocation of funds, which could affect millions intended for investments, thereby ensuring that the use of money remains traceable by the Riigikogu.
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2024-10-16
Draft law amending the Prison Law (506 SE) – first reading

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary sitting

It emphasizes fiscal transparency and budgetary accountability, requiring specific figures to be presented regarding the bill's costs and savings. It focuses on verifying that the budget volume remains unchanged and clarifying financial transfers between different administrative sectors.
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2024-10-15
Draft law amending the Alcohol, Tobacco, Fuel and Electricity Excise Tax Act and other laws (510 SE) – first reading

15th Estonian Parliament, 4th session, plenary session

Economic perspectives are highly critical of the proposed excise duty increases, arguing that they fail to guarantee stable budget revenue and merely repeat past errors that channeled tax income into Latvia. Furthermore, concern is highlighted regarding the growth of national debt, and the government is criticized for triggering the economic downturn. Worry is also expressed about the negative effect of uncollected tax revenue on the budget of the Cultural Endowment (Kulka).
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2024-10-15
First reading of the draft law amending the Income Tax Act and the Defence Service Act, and the draft law amending the Income Tax Act (509 SE)

15th Estonian Parliament, 4th session, plenary session

Economic views are strongly critical of tax hikes during a recession and emphasize the necessity of avoiding excessively costly reforms, such as the elimination of the tax hump. In the energy sector, he/she advocates for robust production capacity, criticizing the ideological influence of the "green transition" which led to hyperinflation and economic recession. He/She supports raising thresholds due to inflation to compensate for the damage caused by the Reform Party governments.
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2024-10-15
Draft law amending the 2024 State Budget Act (517 SE) – first reading

15th Estonian Parliament, 4th session, plenary session

The speaker supports strict fiscal discipline and requires ministries to undertake meticulous budget planning to avoid the need for borrowing resulting from overlooking expected recoveries. His/Her focus is on budget accuracy and accountability, especially when accounting for financing transactions.
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2024-10-14
Draft law amending the Act on the Government of the Republic and amending other laws thereof (505 SE) – First Reading

15th Estonian Parliament, 4th session, plenary sitting

Direct economic positions (taxes, regulation) are not presented. There is indirect criticism regarding social cuts that affect stay-at-home mothers (the loss of health insurance), indicating opposition to measures that weaken the social safety net.
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2024-10-14
Draft law amending the Public Transport Act (499 SE) – first reading

15th Estonian Parliament, 4th session, plenary sitting

The economic perspectives emphasize budget discipline and the transparency of expense allocation between the state and local municipalities. Specific figures and calculations are demanded to prevent the imposition of unexpected costs on local governments.
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2024-10-14
Draft law amending the Family Benefits Act and other laws (507 SE) – first reading

15th Estonian Parliament, 4th session, plenary sitting

The economic perspective supports financial benefits directed at families and opposes tax increases (VAT, car tax), arguing that these negatively impact families with children. It views family support payments and tax incentives as a crucial component for improving the demographic situation.
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2024-10-09
Draft law (496 SE) for amending the Social Welfare Act and the Act Regulating the Provision of Health Care Services (regarding the provision of independent nursing care in 24-hour special care services) - First Reading

Fifteenth Riigikogu, Fourth Session, Plenary Session.

Economic perspectives emphasize fiscal transparency and accountability in state spending, particularly when services are being reorganized. Concern is expressed that services might be cut under the guise of limited financial resources, and a precise overview of both the increase in costs and the current baseline expenditures is being demanded.
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2024-10-09
Sending Estonian soldiers to Ukraine

15th Riigikogu, 4th sitting, information briefing

No data available.
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2024-10-08
Draft law amending the Blood Act (476 SE) – first reading

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary session

Economic views focus on budget transparency and administrative efficiency, questioning the actual financial impact of reducing bureaucracy. Furthermore, emphasis is placed on the need to ensure stability and predictability in employment relationships (via long-term contracts) for laboratory workers.
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2024-10-07
Inquiry regarding road construction and four-lane roads (no 408)

15th Estonian Parliament, 4th session, plenary session

The speakers stress the necessity of increasing national investments in critical infrastructure (road construction) and criticize the fiscal policy that reduces these funds. The first speaker is concerned about the inefficient allocation of CO2 quota revenues, which underscores the demand for fiscal discipline and the purposeful utilization of these funds.
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2024-10-07
Inquiry Regarding Via Baltica (No. 234)

15th Estonian Parliament, 4th session, plenary session

Economic perspectives emphasize fiscal responsibility and express concern regarding the reduction in infrastructure funding. The speaker is heavily focused on avoiding potential fines and the need to repay European subsidies, indicating a clear desire to protect the nation's financial standing and ensure investments continue.
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2024-09-25
Draft law (469 SE) for the ratification of the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) Convention No. 190 concerning the elimination of violence and harassment in the world of work – first reading

15th Riigikogu, 4th sitting, plenary session

The economic implications are indirect, touching upon employer obligations and potential administrative burden (a massive bureaucratic undertaking must be launched) related to accommodating new gender identities in the workplace. Fiscal policy standpoints are absent.
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2024-09-25
The Regional Affairs and Agricultural Minister's 2024 presentation on the implementation of the state’s long-term development strategy "Estonia 2035"

15th Riigikogu, 4th sitting, plenary session

Economic perspectives focus on the cost-effectiveness of public services, emphasizing the need to reduce the cost per passenger. However, it is also stressed that economic goals are not achievable unless the problem of regional depopulation and declining passenger numbers is addressed.
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2024-09-25
Draft law amending the Energy Sector Organisation Act, the Electricity Market Act, and the Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management System Act (359 SE) – third reading

15th Riigikogu, 4th sitting, plenary session

It supports economic growth and stability, which are achieved through reasonably priced and reliably available electricity. It opposes raising taxes to subsidize renewable energy, as this deteriorates the economic environment and leads to poverty in the long term. It is strongly focused on the interests of industrial enterprises, which demand stable and reasonably priced energy, rather than green energy.
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2024-09-24
Draft law amending the Value Added Tax Act and the Tax Procedure Act (462 SE) - First Reading

15th Riigikogu, 4th sitting, plenary sitting

Economic perspectives stress the protection of tax-compliant businesses and are critical of the government, which justifies its changes by citing widespread tax evasion. Clarity is essential regarding the rules for input VAT deduction, which points toward safeguarding business interests.
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2024-09-24
First Reading of the Draft Act on Amendments to the Funded Pensions Act and Other Acts (464 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 4th sitting, plenary sitting

Economic perspectives stress the minimization of administrative burden and system efficiency, opposing changes that generate excessive development and operational costs for financial institutions (such as the Pension Centre). The preference is for solutions that meet the genuine interests of the public, rather than merely offering theoretical flexibility.
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2024-09-18
Second reading of the Draft Act (359 SE) on amendments to the Law on the Organization of the Energy Economy, the Electricity Market Act, and the Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management System Act

15th Estonian Parliament, 4th sitting, plenary session

Economic perspectives are strongly opposed to subsidies that create market distortions, particularly in the area of renewable energy subsidization, a practice which even forces nuclear power plant developers to seek out support schemes. The speaker stresses that this policy results in high electricity prices and inefficient resource use.
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2024-09-16
First Reading of the Draft Resolution of the Riigikogu "On the Development of Measures for Increasing the Birth Rate" (208 OE)

The 15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary sitting.

Economic arguments are centered on opposing the idea of imposing a social tax obligation on stay-at-home mothers, thereby protecting families from new financial burdens. This indicates a desire to preserve the current structures of social security and family benefits without placing an additional burden on parents.
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2024-09-16
2024 Report by the Minister of the Interior on the Implementation of the State's Long-Term Development Strategy "Estonia 2035"

The 15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary sitting.

The economic views are strongly opposed to the tax burden, standing against both the raising of the value-added tax (VAT) and progressive income tax, which is considered plunder from the bottom up. The speaker sharply criticizes the narrative of redistribution, which is based on alleged class hatred, and advocates for reducing the taxation burden on low and middle-income earners.
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2024-09-11
Minister of Defence's 2024 Report on the Implementation of the State's Long-Term Development Strategy "Estonia 2035"

Fifteenth Riigikogu, fourth session, plenary session

Economic views stress the necessity of supporting domestic production, even in the preparedness phase, to guarantee production capability during a crisis. Preference is given to contractual solutions (e.g., a readiness retainer fee) for maintaining employment and the production structure, in opposition to a "no-purchase" policy.
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2024-09-11
Rule of Law

15th Estonian Parliament, 4th session, press briefing.

Insufficient data.
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2024-09-09
Interpellation Regarding Nature Conservation Restrictions (No. 626)

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary session

Economic perspectives emphasize the protection of private property and the demand that the state pay fair compensation for imposing restrictions. Skepticism is expressed regarding promises to increase benefits when those promises are linked to vague "budgetary possibilities," requiring a realistic position on financing.
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2024-09-09
Interpellation concerning the restoration of bogs (No. 625)

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary session

Economic perspectives emphasize fiscal transparency and a clear differentiation of public spending (national budget versus European funds). Strict budgetary supervision over environmental expenditures is supported, requiring precise reporting.
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2024-09-09
Interpellation regarding the state's plan to end compensation to farmers for damages caused by geese (No. 582)

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary session

The economic perspective stresses the state's duty to cover the costs resulting from imposed restrictions, thus safeguarding the financial interests of businesses. The speaker objects to shifting this burden onto individual property owners, especially when the state itself claims that the national budget lacks funds.
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2024-09-09
Interpellation Regarding the Technical Failure of the Joint Entrance Exams for State Gymnasiums (No. 627)

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary session

Concerns are being raised regarding the inefficient use of government resources and the expansion of the bureaucratic apparatus, pointing to the need to prioritize fiscal discipline and prudent management. Questions are being asked about whether the ministry has an excessive number of staff and unused resources.
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2024-09-09
Inquiry Regarding the Work of Kristina Kallas (No. 632)

15th Riigikogu, 4th session, plenary session

Economic views emphasize the contradiction between the government's overall austerity policy (the "time of cuts") and the necessity of funding the education sector. The speaker demands clarification on whether the money will be sourced from extra-budgetary funds, pointing specifically to the issue of fiscal discipline.
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2024-07-29
A written demand submitted by 23 members of the Riigikogu for a vote of no confidence in the Minister of Infrastructure, Vladimir Svet.

15th Riigikogu, Riigikogu extraordinary session.

Not enough data.
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2024-07-29
Third Reading of the Draft Motor Vehicle Tax Act (364 UA)

The 15th Riigikogu, extraordinary session of the Riigikogu.

Inadequate data set.
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2024-07-29
Second Reading of the Bill to Amend the Income Tax Act (443 SE)

15th Riigikogu, extraordinary session of the Riigikogu

The politician is strongly opposed to tax increases (on cars and VAT) and the lowering of the income tax-free minimum, viewing these measures as a burden on the people. He criticizes redistribution, arguing that it fails to help the poor and instead merely supports the administrative bureaucracy. The preference is for investments that incentivize the attraction of young people and promote economic growth, rather than relying on short-term tax revenue generated by pensioners.
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2024-07-29
Second Reading of the Motor Vehicle Tax Bill (364 UA)

15th Riigikogu, extraordinary session of the Riigikogu

Economic perspectives are strongly opposed to tax hikes, as they undermine people's livelihoods and the business environment. Negative scenarios are being forecast, such as people moving out of Estonia, making purchases in neighboring countries, and an increase in cash transactions aimed at tax evasion.
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2024-07-22
Granting Authorization to Prime Ministerial Candidate Kristen Michal to Form the Government

15th Riigikogu, Riigikogu's extraordinary session.

Supports fiscal responsibility, stressing the necessity of balancing expenditures and revenues to prevent a budget deficit. It is skeptical regarding the transparency of new taxes (the security tax), suspecting that the funds collected might not be fully allocated to security purposes. It criticizes previous instances of broken tax promises that affected pensioners.
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2024-07-15
Reconsideration of the Motor Vehicle Tax Act (364 UA) left unpromulgated by the President of the Republic

15th Riigikogu, Extraordinary session of the Riigikogu

His economic views are strongly opposed to raising taxes, especially during a recession. He emphasizes that any new tax, including the proposed car tax, is wrong because it lowers people's standard of living and undermines business confidence. He supports fiscal easing and opposes the introduction of additional burdens.
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2024-06-12
Second Reading of the Riigikogu Resolution "Supporting the Introduction of Nuclear Energy in Estonia" (431 OE)

15th Estonian Parliament, 3rd session, plenary session.

Economic views stress state control and ownership of energy systems, especially concerning larger projects, whether achieved via a majority holding or full state ownership. The preference for nuclear energy is justified by its unrivaled energy viability.
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2024-06-12
Third Reading of the Bill for the Act Amending the Organization of the Energy Sector Act and Other Acts (356 SE)

15th Estonian Parliament, 3rd session, plenary session.

Economic perspectives are tied to energy efficiency and stability, prioritizing nuclear power as the unequivocally superior solution. There are no direct positions regarding taxes, trade, or labor.
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2024-06-12
Overview of the Judicial Administration by Villu Kõve, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

15th Estonian Parliament, 3rd session, plenary session.

There is not enough data. The discussion focuses on the efficiency of judicial administration, not on economic policy.
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2024-06-05
Second reading of the Motor Vehicle Tax Bill (364 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting

Economic views are strongly opposed to tax hikes, especially when they unfairly impact lower-income groups and families. They support considering the taxation of banks' massive profits, arguing that banks generated these profits by rapidly passing on interest rate increases to borrowers. Furthermore, they criticize the state's financial wastefulness through large subsidies (for wind and solar energy) and questionable infrastructure projects (such as Rail Baltic).
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2024-06-05
Third Reading of the Draft Act on the Crypto-Asset Market (Bill 398 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting

Economic viewpoints are expressed through strong opposition to the imposition of a new tax burden (the car tax). The tax policy is fundamentally considered a bad idea, which points to a fiscally conservative or tax-cutting stance.
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2024-06-03
First Reading of the Draft Resolution (409 OE) of the Riigikogu "Making a Proposal to the Government of the Republic to Implement Effective Measures to Protect Minors from Exposure to Pornography"

Fifteenth Riigikogu, third session, plenary sitting.

The economic perspectives address the regulation of e-commerce and mandatory operational fee payments, focusing on ensuring regulatory clarity for online shops. It examines the state's capacity to enforce regulations concerning cross-border e-shops.
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2024-06-03
Inquiry regarding the Directive on Platform Work (No. 629)

Fifteenth Riigikogu, third session, plenary sitting.

The economic views indirectly concern the regulation of the platform economy, but the direct emphasis is placed on political leadership and the adherence to ethical standards in the relationships between officials and businesses, rather than on the substantive matters of economic policy.
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2024-06-03
The written motion for a vote of no confidence in the Minister of Economic Affairs and Information Technology, Tiit Riisalo, submitted by 22 members of the Riigikogu.

Fifteenth Riigikogu, third session, plenary sitting.

Economic perspectives indirectly touch upon the regulatory environment, expressing concern over the close communication and potential influence between the private sector (Bolt) and top ministry officials. Specific positions regarding taxes or trade are not presented.
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2024-05-29
Third Reading of the Draft Act on Amendments to the 2024 State Budget Act (389 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary session

The economic views presented are indirect, pointing to low business confidence in the government, which suggests underlying concerns about the business environment. Specific positions on taxation or fiscal policy are not presented, even though the context of the speech is the draft budget amendment.
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2024-05-29
First reading of the Riigikogu Draft Resolution "Supporting the Introduction of Nuclear Energy in Estonia" (431 OE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary session

Economic views emphasize the necessity of high-quality, dispatchable energy both for attracting energy-intensive industry and for maintaining national prosperity. There is strong opposition to subsidy schemes (CFDs, subsidies) for weather-dependent energy, as these are considered a double cost and a waste. State majority ownership in large, strategic nuclear power plants is advocated.
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2024-05-29
First reading of the Draft Act Amending the Child Protection Act and Other Acts (427 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary session

No data available.
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2024-05-28
Second Reading of the Bill for the Amendment of the Income Tax Act (416 SE)

15th Riigikogu, third session, plenary session

The speaker opposes increasing tax revenue if it comes at the expense of lower-income individuals, stressing that tax hikes hit those who already have less. He supports easing the tax burden on pensioners, referencing the unfulfilled promise of an income tax exemption for the average pension.
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2024-05-28
Third reading of the Draft Act amending the Building Code and other Acts (acceleration of the deployment of renewable energy) (Bill 308 SE)

15th Riigikogu, third session, plenary session

The economic views are strongly opposed to state subsidies and expenditures, especially concerning the development of renewable energy. It is emphasized that there is no need to promote wind or solar parks by spending "enormous sums of taxpayer money" to do so. Skepticism is expressed regarding the motives of entrepreneurs who seek state funding.
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2024-05-27
Interpellation concerning events in care homes (No. 571)

Fifteenth Riigikogu, third session, plenary session

There is insufficient data, and economic policy positions are absent.
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2024-05-27
Interpellation concerning the collection of data on post-abortion complications (No. 550)

Fifteenth Riigikogu, third session, plenary session

Insufficient data
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2024-05-27
Interpellation concerning the renovation of Estonia's housing stock (No. 592)

Fifteenth Riigikogu, third session, plenary session

The economic views expressed are strongly opposed to central planning and subsidies, arguing that they distort the market and have a regressive effect by redirecting money from the poor to the rich. The speaker criticizes large central funds (such as the Social Fund for Climate Action) and the speed-based system used for distributing grants.
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2024-05-14
First Reading of the Draft Basic Education Act (419 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session

Economic arguments support state intervention in valuing the workforce, specifically demanding that the salary linkage for kindergarten teachers be maintained to ensure they receive commensurate compensation. Furthermore, emphasis is also placed on the necessity of mitigating the financial risks faced by local municipalities.
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2024-05-13
Inquiry Regarding the Alleged Vandalism of Andrei Shumakov's Car (No. 630)

15th Estonian Parliament, 3rd session, plenary session

Insufficient data.
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2024-05-09
Debate on the matter of significant national importance: "E-elections – a threat to democracy."

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary session

Insufficient data.
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2024-05-08
Second Reading of the Draft Act on the Protection of Whistleblowers Reporting Work-Related Infringements of European Union Law (257 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary session.

Not enough data
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2024-05-08
First Reading of the Draft Resolution of the Riigikogu "Making a Proposal to the Government of the Republic Regarding the Imposition of a Temporary Solidarity Tax on the Banking Sector" (367 OE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary session.

Government intervention and targeted taxation (a solidarity tax) are supported regarding extraordinary profits that were not earned through the company's own efforts. Regulation (a potential tax) is seen as a tool to curb banks' excessive profiteering and compel them to raise deposit interest rates correlatively. The public good is preferred over the banks' excessive profits.
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2024-05-08
The Situation in the Country

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, information briefing

No data available
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2024-05-06
A written motion submitted by 22 members of the Riigikogu for a vote of no confidence in the Minister of Education and Research, Kristina Kallas

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session.

Insufficient data.
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2024-04-30
First reading of the Bill amending the Income Tax Act (416 SE)

Fifteenth Riigikogu, Third Session, Plenary Session.

Economic views are strongly geared towards social protection and fiscal responsibility, opposing increases in the tax burden and cuts to social benefits (especially those affecting pensioners and families with children). The government is being accused of worsening the nation's finances and diverting funds into ideological projects (green and climate initiatives) and creating high-paying jobs in the public sector, rather than supporting the less fortunate.
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2024-04-30
First Reading of the Bill on Amendments to the State Fees Act and Related Amendments to Other Acts (417 SE)

Fifteenth Riigikogu, Third Session, Plenary Session.

Economic views are strongly opposed to the raising of state fees, which is perceived as damaging to the public's ability to cope financially and as a direct result of government inefficiency. The criticism centers on the link between public sector wage increases and overall cost growth, suggesting a desire to avoid passing these costs onto citizens.
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2024-04-30
First Reading of the Draft Act on the Amendment of the Penal Code and the Amendment of Other Related Acts (Increasing the Fine Unit) (Bill 415 SE)

Fifteenth Riigikogu, Third Session, Plenary Session.

There is too little data.
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2024-04-29
Interpellation concerning the state funding of elective abortions (No. 606)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary session

Insufficient Data.
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2024-04-29
Inquiry regarding pressure exerted by the European Central Bank on the Basel Committee (No. 628)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary session

The speaker advocates for economic stability and opposes radical, ideologically driven restructuring. He criticizes the enormous hidden costs of wind and solar energy, which place a heavy burden on societies. Emphasis is placed on the role of central bank independence, which should counterbalance misguided economic policies, rather than supporting a movement toward the abyss.
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2024-04-18
Discussion of the matter of significant national importance, initiated by the Environmental Committee, titled "The necessity and possibilities of introducing nuclear energy in Estonia"

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting

Economic perspectives emphasize long-term returns (a 92% capacity factor and 80+ year lifespan) over the high initial investment cost, concluding that nuclear energy is competitive with or cheaper than wind energy in the long run. Standardization and repetitive manufacturing (e.g., the Asian model) are advocated as a strategy for significantly lowering construction costs.
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2024-04-17
Second Reading of the Draft Act (344 SE) on the Amendment of the Riigikogu Election Act and Related Amendment of Other Acts

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting

Not enough data.
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2024-04-16
The Minister of Culture's 2024 Report on the Implementation of the State's Long-Term Development Strategy "Estonia 2035" (including the implementation of the "Estonian Sports Policy Fundamentals until 2030")

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session

Insufficient data.
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2024-04-16
Third Reading of the Draft Act (351 SE) concerning the Act amending the Electricity Market Act and other Acts (Termination of Universal Service and Ensuring Security of Supply)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session

It supports market-based solutions (spot price) and opposes disproportionate state intervention in the electricity market and market redistribution. It expresses clear support for business interests, backing the right of electricity retailers to retain customers for whose acquisition resources have been expended.
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2024-04-16
Third Reading of the Draft Act Amending Section 11¹ of the Identity Documents Act (256 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session

Insufficient data
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2024-04-15
Inquiry concerning traffic management on national roads (No. 608)

Fifteenth Riigikogu, third session, plenary session

Insufficient data
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2024-04-15
Interpellation concerning the state of traffic in Estonia (No. 593)

Fifteenth Riigikogu, third session, plenary session

The speaker voiced strong concern over the budget cuts necessitated by the economic slump and dwindling tax revenues. He is demanding absolute assurance that road maintenance and upkeep will be excluded from the list of cuts, stressing the critical priority of infrastructure funding.
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2024-04-08
Interpellation regarding curriculum subjects concerning human sexuality and the associated rights of parents (No. 616)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting

The economic views are limited to criticizing how "gender-affirming care" in the United States has turned into a harmful industrial business targeting children. General positions on taxes, regulation, or fiscal discipline are absent.
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2024-04-08
Interpellation concerning the promises made regarding teachers' salary increases (No. 580)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting

The speakers are criticizing the government's spending priorities, particularly the waste of money "under the slogans of the green transition." They emphasize the need to redirect budget resources toward socially important activities, such as teachers' salaries and support for families with children, pointing to fiscal irresponsibility.
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2024-04-08
Interpellation Regarding the Unified Estonian School (No. 544)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting

There is not enough data.
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2024-04-08
Interpellation concerning the incitement of hatred towards families with children (No. 612)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting

Economic perspectives emphasize fiscal responsibility and the careful consideration of limited resources. Opposition is voiced against large state investments in green energy, arguing that these raise energy prices and place a burden on society’s most vulnerable groups. Preference is given to expenditures that support social stability.
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2024-04-04
Elections of the Riigikogu Board

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary session

No data available.
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2024-04-03
Second Reading of the Bill on the Amendment of the Electronic Communications Act and the Nature Conservation Act (392 SE)

15th Estonian Parliament, 3rd sitting, plenary session

Not enough data
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2024-04-03
Second Reading of the Draft Act on Amendments to the Preschool Institution Act, the Vocational Educational Institution Act, and the Basic School and Upper Secondary School Act (Bill 231 SE)

15th Estonian Parliament, 3rd sitting, plenary session

Opposition to new taxes, specifically the motor vehicle tax, is being expressed indirectly, in the hope that its legislative process will be halted. More specific economic views (expenditures, regulation) remain undefined.
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2024-04-03
War and Peace

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, information briefing

There is not enough data.
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2024-04-03
The Situation in the Republic of Estonia

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, information briefing

The economic outlook addresses energy security, emphasizing the necessity of maintaining domestic energy production capacity to ensure resilience. This implicitly criticizes previous "green energy" policies which, as demonstrated by Germany, resulted in a dangerous reliance on Russian gas.
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2024-04-03
New taxes

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, information briefing

Economic views are clearly aimed at implementing a bank tax, which signals a desire to tax the financial sector. This position supports a fiscal policy measure designed to help the state collect revenue.
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2024-03-20
First Reading of the Draft Act amending the Riigikogu Election Act, the Local Government Council Election Act, and the European Parliament Election Act (292 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting

Economic issues (tax changes and the cancellation of child benefits) are mentioned merely as examples of unpopular political decisions, used to draw a parallel with the illogical nature of the debate surrounding e-elections. There is no specific stance on taxes, spending, or economic growth.
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2024-03-20
First Reading of the Draft Act on Amending the Atmospheric Air Protection Act (393 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting

The speaker voices concern over the potential negative economic impact of regulations, asking what will become more expensive and complicated for individuals and businesses. This indicates a preference for avoiding excessive regulatory burden and ensuring cost-effectiveness.
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2024-03-20
They are lying with unbelievable brazenness! Why?

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, press briefing.

The economic perspectives center on fiscal prudence and the systematic application of congestion charges, which, under the European regulatory framework, should be directed towards eliminating bottlenecks. The presenter notes that poor investment decisions (specifically, the Southern interconnections) are preventing electricity prices from becoming more favorable in Northern Estonia.
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2024-03-20
Suffrage

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, press briefing.

Not enough data
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2024-03-20
Estonian national culture

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, press briefing.

Economic prospects are bleak, emphasizing the strain on the national budget and the lack of positive developments in the foreseeable future. The speaker opposes the ambitious energy plans, arguing they will lead the country to financial ruin, and advocates for protecting the cultural sector from cuts.
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2024-03-19
First Reading of the Draft Resolution of the Riigikogu "Making a Proposal to the Government of the Republic for Improving Teachers' Working Conditions" (373 OE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary session

Insufficient data
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2024-03-18
Inquiry concerning the justification of the activities of the Prosecutor's Office and the Security Police Board (KaPo) (No. 528)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session

Insufficient data.
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2024-03-18
Interpellation concerning problems related to the restriction on official actions (No. 320)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session

Insufficient data
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2024-03-12
First Reading of the Draft Act Amending the Government of the Republic Act (276 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd plenary sitting

Not enough data.
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2024-03-12
First Reading of the Draft Act Amending the Local Government Organization Act (Bill 289 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd plenary sitting

Insufficient data.
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2024-03-11
Interpellation Concerning the Negative Impacts of the Motor Vehicle Tax on Families with Children (No. 602)

15th Estonian Parliament, 3rd session, plenary session

The speaker is strongly opposed to new taxes (such as the car tax), arguing that they burden families and constitute an attack on private property. He advocates for increased prosperity and the goal of a wealthier society, contrasting this with current policies which, in his view, lead to the concentration of resources in the hands of a narrow elite. Furthermore, he utilizes economic data to demonstrate that child benefits do not offset the tax burden.
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2024-03-11
Interpellation concerning business activities originating in Estonia and related to Russia during the War in Ukraine (No. 598)

15th Estonian Parliament, 3rd session, plenary session

Insufficient data.
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2024-03-11
Interpellation concerning Estonia's critical demographic situation (No. 597)

15th Estonian Parliament, 3rd session, plenary session

Economic views oppose large tax increases, especially the car tax, which makes life difficult for families. It supports tax incentives for family-appropriate vehicles, not just electric cars, which suggests prioritizing the social aspect in fiscal policy over environmental objectives.
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2024-03-11
Question Regarding the Financing of Cultural Buildings of National Significance (No. 600)

15th Estonian Parliament, 3rd session, plenary session

No data available
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2024-03-07
Debate on the matter of national importance, "The Future of Estonian Energy 2035," initiated by the Estonian Reform Party parliamentary group.

Fifteenth Riigikogu, third sitting, plenary session

The economic views strongly advocate for competitiveness and industrial investments, stressing that entrepreneurs are not foolish and require a reliable power supply for making investment decisions. The speaker criticizes the government's actions for rapidly increasing taxes, levies, and fees in a hasty manner without involving businesses. He provides examples of bureaucratic obstacles that are stifling green industrial projects (plastic recycling, wood chemistry).
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2024-03-06
First reading of the Draft Act (379 SE) on the Amendment of the Tax Information Exchange Act, the Taxation Procedure Act, and the Income Tax Act.

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary session

Economic views stress the sovereignty of tax policy and the need to develop Estonia’s tax system independently, safeguarding it against encroachment by the European Union. Longer time horizons are favored, as these would grant greater flexibility regarding tax arrangements.
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2024-03-06
First reading of the Draft Act on the Ratification of the Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Estonia and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan for the Avoidance of Double Taxation with respect to Taxes on Income and the Prevention of Tax Evasion and Fiscal Fraud, and the Protocol thereto (368 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary session

Economic perspectives highlight the importance of fiscal transparency and the necessity of evaluating the impact of international treaties on the national budget. Attention is focused on how tax policy affects Estonian businesses and public finances, thereby supporting an informed decision-making process regarding economic issues.
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2024-03-06
First Reading of the Draft Act on Amendments to the Health Insurance Act and Consequently Amendments to Other Acts (Prevention of Incapacity for Work) (Bill 377 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary session

Economic views emphasize fiscal responsibility, requiring the bill to ensure a positive financial impact (revenue) on the Health Insurance Fund. Concern is expressed regarding the potential "optimization" of remuneration by employers and employees, which would damage the public purse.
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2024-03-06
First Reading of the Draft Act on the Ratification of the Agreement on Air Services between the Government of the Republic of Estonia and the Government of the Republic of Korea (Bill 357 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary session

The economic perspectives relate to the management of state assets and the corruption that has resulted in the failure of the aviation sector. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of guaranteeing reliable and stable service to international partners in order to prevent economic loss.
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2024-03-06
First reading of the Bill (359 SE) for the Act supplementing the Act on the Organization of the Energy Sector and the Act on Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management System

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary session

Economic arguments stress the necessity of ensuring energy producers' long-term financial liability and the immediate internalization of environmental costs (e.g., through waste funds). The speaker is critical of the current situation where the renewable energy sector receives subsidies, yet the guarantee for end-of-life management remains vague, highlighting the need for a robust legal and financial framework.
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2024-03-06
Availability of electricity

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, press briefing

The price of electricity is viewed as a crucial component of economic affordability, necessitating national strategic governance. The objective is to achieve a price level for Estonia that is competitive with, or at least comparable to, the Finnish market.
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2024-03-06
The Situation in the Republic of Estonia

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, press briefing

Economic views center on ensuring cheap and accessible energy, criticizing current policy for driving up costs. They demand concrete targets for reducing electricity prices and bringing them in line with Finnish price levels over the next ten years. The emphasis is placed on dispatchable capacity as the economically sound solution.
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2024-03-05
First Reading of the Draft Act on Amendments to the Organization of the Energy Sector Act and Other Acts (Bill 356 SE)

15th Estonian Parliament, 3rd sitting, plenary session

The speaker supports economic growth tied to the development of electricity-intensive industry, which requires affordable and accessible energy. He considers nuclear energy to be more economically viable than fossil fuels and dismisses claims regarding the cost-effectiveness of wind and solar power. For reasons of energy security, he favors domestic energy sources over reliance on foreign supply chains.
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2024-03-05
2024 Report by the Minister of Education and Research on the Implementation of the State's Long-Term Development Strategy "Eesti 2035" (Education Reforms)

15th Estonian Parliament, 3rd sitting, plenary session

The economic view focuses on the efficiency of investments in education, emphasizing the need to balance substantial infrastructure investments (the 'concrete') with funding for content and quality. Concerns are raised that the investments may be leaning too heavily toward construction activities.
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2024-03-04
Inquiry regarding the promotion of gender equality and equal treatment in private and family life (No. 268)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting

Insufficient data.
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2024-03-04
Interpellation concerning the impact of the motor vehicle tax (No. 610)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting

Economic views are strongly pro-business and protective of profits, standing against the government's rhetoric that criticizes entrepreneurial gains. The speaker opposes the introduction of a progressive income tax and the taxation of specific groups (such as motorsports athletes) based on their alleged wealth. The fiscal focus is centered on criticizing the uncertainty inherent in the government's tax policy.
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2024-03-04
Inquiry Concerning the Taxation of Residential Land (No. 527)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting

Economic viewpoints favor fiscal decentralization, suggesting that income tax revenue should go directly to local municipalities, enabling them to manage their own economies independently. Furthermore, concern has been raised regarding changes to citizens' tax liabilities, specifically the potential abolition of the land tax exemption.
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2024-03-04
Interpellation concerning the introduction of the vehicle tax (No. 304)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting

It expresses opposition to the new tax (the motor vehicle tax) because it places a disproportionate burden on families in rural areas who require large vehicles for transporting their children. This stance emphasizes social justice within the context of taxation, rather than focusing on fiscal discipline or economic growth.
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2024-03-04
Interpellation concerning the rise in the cost of living in Estonia (No. 599)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting

Economic views are strongly pro-business, favoring the channeling of money into "the profits of Estonian companies" rather than increasing government revenues. This points to opposition to the government's tax policy and a desire to boost private sector profitability. It is stressed that this is a difficult economic time for both entrepreneurs and the general public.
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2024-03-04
Interpellation Regarding the Temporary Taxation of Banks' Excess Profits (No. 595)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting

It supports temporary taxation (a bank tax) on windfall profits to bring significant revenue into the state treasury and alleviate economic hardship. It opposes tax increases (like the car tax) and regulations that stifle business. It argues that banks earned profit effortlessly, which justifies partially redistributing it back to society.
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2024-02-22
First Reading of the Draft Act Amending the Local Government Council Election Act (287 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary sitting

The economic views are strongly market-oriented, emphasizing the importance of economic growth and increasing exports in raising living standards. The speaker opposes socialist distribution policies ("collecting as much money as possible and distributing it") and supports fostering entrepreneurship. It is also argued that due to the labor shortage, raising the minimum wage through mandates is unnecessary, as employers are already willing to pay good wages.
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2024-02-21
First reading of the Draft Act on Amendments to the Local Government Council Election Act (166 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary session

Not enough data
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2024-02-21
First Reading of the Draft Act on Amendments to the Value Added Tax Act (286 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary session

Economic perspectives strongly favor entrepreneurship and growth. They support tax reductions (VAT, fuel excise duty) and emphasize that profit is an entirely good and necessary outcome in business, as it generates investment capacity and sustainability.
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2024-01-25
First Reading of the Draft Act on Amending the Subsurface Resources Act (121 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session

Economic perspectives are heavily focused on growth, which is to be achieved by staying informed about the status of natural resources and accelerating processes. Emphasis is placed on increasing national wealth and improving living standards, prioritizing efficiency over bureaucratic hurdles.
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2024-01-25
First Reading of the Draft Act on Amendments to the Emergency Situation Act (124 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session

Not enough data
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2024-01-24
First Reading of the Bill on Amendments to the Income Tax Act (248 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session

Economic views focus on specific tax relief, advocating for an increase in the tax-free threshold for the use of a personal vehicle. This suggests a positive stance on lowering the tax burden related to work expenses.
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2024-01-24
First reading of the Draft Act on Amendments to the Alcohol, Tobacco, Fuel, and Electricity Excise Duty Act (Bill 185 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session

The economic stance is reflected in support for lowering excise duties, which indicates a desire to reduce costs and alleviate the tax burden on consumers or the sector using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
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2024-01-24
Review of the Implementation of the "Fundamentals of Legislation Policy until 2030" in 2022

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session

The economic outlook is geared towards growth and enhancing competitiveness. Support is provided for accelerating the exploration of national mineral resources at a reasonable pace, viewing this as a tool for achieving economic success.
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2024-01-23
Overview of the state of Research and Development and government policy in this field.

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session

The speaker opposes raising taxes, particularly during an economic downturn, and emphasizes the impact of fiscal policy on national competitiveness. They favor policies that keep the tax burden low to ensure economic attractiveness.
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2024-01-22
Interpellation concerning the environmental impact of mandatory building renovation and citizens' ability to pay (No. 123)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting

Strongly supports private property and good stewardship, opposing state intervention that reduces citizens' ability to pay and GDP. It warns against a model where assets belong to a narrow class and the rest are forced to rent them, labeling this the "gathering up of poverty." It demands an analysis of economic impacts before implementing major expenditures.
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2024-01-16
First Reading of the Draft Act Amending the Public Prosecutor's Office Act (105 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting

Insufficient data
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2024-01-16
First Reading of the Draft Act on Amendments to the Water Act (346 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting

Economic perspectives are centered on minimizing the regulatory burden to prevent an increase in bureaucracy and staffing requirements. Interest is also being shown in the circular economy, exploring opportunities to use wastewater components as raw materials, which suggests a potential economic benefit.
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2024-01-16
First Reading of the Draft Resolution of the Riigikogu (104 OE), titled "Making a Proposal to the Government of the Republic to Remove the So-Called Bronze Soldier Statue from Public Space"

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting

The only economic reference is to the reuse and recycling of materials, which is linked to green transition goals. There is no data regarding stances on broader taxes, spending, or regulations.
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2024-01-15
Inquiry concerning the misappropriation of "Slava Ukraini" funds and the related investigation (No. 578)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session.

Insufficient data.
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2024-01-15
Interpellation regarding the capability to ensure internal security in the new situation where uncontrolled immigration has made the people of Estonia worried about their property and their lives (No. 536)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session.

Expresses clear support for the interests of Estonian entrepreneurs, emphasizing that the government's positions should largely align with them. This indicates a preference for an economic policy that serves local business interests.
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2024-01-15
Interpellation concerning the use of electronic cigarettes (No. 377)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session.

Insufficient data.
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2024-01-15
Interpellation regarding the necessity and construction of Rail Baltic (No. 262)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session.

The economic perspectives are characterized by criticism regarding the failure to deliver on previous economic promises (like joining the five richest countries) and the prolonged delays in infrastructure projects. This indicates dissatisfaction with the country's overall economic trajectory, though no specific fiscal policy stances are actually put forward.
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2024-01-15
Interpellation concerning the demographic crisis and its resolution (No. 232)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session.

The economic outlook is pessimistic, highlighting the drop in Estonia’s GDP and labor productivity compared to its neighbors since 2020. There is criticism regarding the government’s failure to control electricity prices and improve key economic indicators, with suggestions that high levels of immigration are negatively impacting the economy.
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2024-01-15
Inquiry on Immigration (No. 133)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session.

The economic views are indirect, criticizing the premise that immigration is necessary for the economic maintenance of an aging society and the continuation of the "good life." The speaker questions the sustainability of this model, pointing out that it is heading toward a dead end.
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2024-01-15
Interpellation concerning the enhancement of the wartime indirect fire capability of the Defense Forces (No. 72)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session.

There is insufficient data. The focus is solely on defense spending and replacing weaponry, rather than on broader economic policy issues.
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2024-01-15
Interpellation concerning the construction of a nuclear power plant (No. 41)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session.

The economic perspective stresses the need for state intervention and stability within the energy sector, supporting the preservation of existing high capacity via the owner's expectations. The objective is to guarantee the security and controllability of energy supplies.
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2024-01-15
Interpellation concerning the unified Estonian school (No. 13)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session.

Insufficient data. (The speech addresses workforce issues in the education sector, but offers no stance on taxes, budget discipline, or economic growth.)
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2024-01-11
First reading of the Bill for the Amendment of the Vital Statistics Registration Act (106 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting

Not enough data.
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2024-01-10
Draft Act on Amendments to the Value Added Tax Act (Bill 238 SE), First Reading

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session

Economic perspectives center on tax reduction, backing the proposal to lower the VAT rate to 19.6%. This points to a favorable attitude regarding the alleviation of the tax burden.
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2024-01-10
First Reading of the Draft Act on Amendments to the Value Added Tax Act (193 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session

Economic viewpoints support lowering taxes, specifically highlighting the reduction of the Value Added Tax (VAT) rate to 19%. This suggests a preference for a lighter tax burden and a potential aim to stimulate the economy or ease the financial pressure on consumers.
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2024-01-10
First reading of the Draft Act on Amendments to the Value Added Tax Act (169 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session

The economic views are clearly focused on cutting consumption taxes (Value-Added Tax), advocating for the restoration of the 18% rate. This signals opposition to the government's fiscal policy, which plans for a tax rate increase to 22%.
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2024-01-10
The 400 million euro expense line item written into RES

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, information briefing

Economic views emphasize fiscal balance and discipline, criticizing the government’s inability to keep spending and revenue in check while simultaneously increasing the debt burden. The speaker strongly opposes any further increase in the public’s tax burden, referencing Mart Võrklaev’s assessment that the populace can no longer tolerate it.
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2024-01-10
The Situation and Developments of Nordica and Associated Companies

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, information briefing

Economic perspectives emphasize the responsible stewardship of state assets and fiscal discipline, demanding the maximization of state revenue from the sale of enterprises. It is also crucial to hold parties accountable for past management failures and to file claims in order to safeguard the state's financial interests.
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2024-01-10
The economic situation

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, information briefing

Economic analyses strongly emphasize the need to improve competitiveness, viewing high electricity prices as the main obstacle to achieving this. The government is being called upon to take concrete steps to bring prices down to the Finnish level in order to restore the previous price parity.
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2024-01-09
First Reading of the Draft Bill on Amendments to the State Assets Act and the Land Cadastre Act (327 SE)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary session

Insufficient data.
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2024-01-08
Interpellation concerning the impact of the Green Transition on the administrative area of the ministry under your leadership (No. 341)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session.

Economic views are skeptical of the green transition regulations because they are linked to economic recession, industrial sputtering, and high energy costs, all of which directly affect consumers. The importance of stable and dispatchable energy production capacity is stressed for driving the economy forward.
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2024-01-08
Inquiry Regarding the Threat to the Independence of Press Publications (No. 345)

15th Riigikogu, 3rd sitting, plenary session.

Not enough data
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