Plenary Sessions

The present discussion focused on the order concerning the end of Riigikogu member Kert Kingo's term of office, following which substitute member Peeter Ernits assumed office. The initial speaker informed of the necessity of proclaiming the substitute member's oath of office. Following this, the oath was read out, and the substitute member swore the oath of office in the XV Riigikogu, affirming loyalty to the Republic of Estonia and its constitutional order. Finally, expressions of appreciation and good wishes were extended to the new member.

The first item on the agenda concerned the inquiry submitted to the Riigikogu on February 12th of this year by Lauri Laats, Vladimir Arhipov, Vadim Belobrovtsev, and Aleksei Jevgrafov regarding the access of Chinese intelligence to the data of Estonian residents through applications and technology. The purpose of the inquiry was to clarify the actual level of risk and what measures the Estonian state is strengthening and implementing to reduce potential risks. The response was given by the Minister of Justice and Digital Transformation, Liisa-Ly Pakosta, whose remarks encompassed both the existing legal and regulatory framework and a summarized set of recommendations and further steps. The discussion focused on the security of supply chains, the protection of digital personal data, obligations at the European Union and Estonian levels, and the need to increase citizens' awareness of technology risks. Additionally, the need to consider a broader national approach to the use of certain Chinese-origin technology and equipment was addressed, as were further steps to mitigate cybersecurity and supply chain risks.

The Riigikogu sitting took place on Thursday, March 17th, with the aim of electing the Riigikogu board, including the speaker and two deputy speakers. At the beginning of the sitting, the election procedures, derived from the Constitution and the Riigikogu Rules of Procedure, were presented, emphasizing secret ballots.

Lauri Hussar (nominated by Toomas Uibo) and Helir-Valdor Seeder (nominated by Urmas Reinsalu) were presented as candidates for the Riigikogu speaker. Urmas Reinsalu, in this regard, criticized the existing parliamentary leadership, citing a need for a fundamental change and an impartial mediator. 99 members of the Riigikogu participated in the vote. Lauri Hussar received 51 votes and Helir-Valdor Seeder received 42 votes. Six ballots were declared invalid. As Lauri Hussar received more than half of the valid votes, he was declared elected as the Riigikogu speaker.

Subsequently, the Riigikogu deputy speakers were elected. The candidates were Arvo Aller (nominated by Martin Helme), Toomas Kivimägi (nominated by Õnne Pillak) and Tanel Kiik (nominated by Lauri Läänemets). 97 members of the Riigikogu participated in the election of the deputy speakers. Toomas Kivimägi received 52 votes, Arvo Aller received 25 votes and Tanel Kiik received 19 votes. One ballot was declared invalid. Toomas Kivimägi was elected as the first deputy speaker and Arvo Aller as the second deputy speaker, as they received the most votes.

The Board of the Riigikogu, with its decision No. 46 of March 25, 2025, decided to replace two members of the Riigikogu following the resignations of Maksim Iljin and Aleksei Yashin. The decision stipulates that, as of March 26, 2025, Diana Ingerainen and Raul-Stig Rästa will be appointed as substitute members of the Riigikogu. This step ensures the continuity of the Riigikogu’s operations and the smooth continuation of colleagues’ workflow until potential further changes.

The presentation is of Bill 536, the third reading of the Act Amending the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia. The task is to discuss a unified implementation consistent with the Constitution regarding the right to vote in local government council elections, and to assess the associated timelines and risks. The procedure has been long and productive, and efforts have been made between the governing coalition and the opposition to find broad consensus within a complex security context. The bill has been drafted and includes two possible amendment proposals, introducing different compromise options and demonstrating the extent to which the Riigikogu seeks to find a solution that takes into account the influence of power related to the citizens of Estonia, non-citizens, and allied countries. The core of the matter is that the right to vote in local government elections will be harmonized between Estonian citizens, stateless persons, European Union citizens, and citizens of NATO member states, and positions and timelines are clearly defined and, if necessary, changes will be expedited. The mentioning of a sunset clause and the formation of agreements have been highlighted as an important part of continuous progress, and this has generated a broad debate on the topics of national security and integration.

The first item on the agenda concerned the third reading of the bill amending the Penal Code and other related laws (sanctions violations) initiated by the Government of the Republic, bill number 441. Discussions were opened and closed, and the leadership committee decided to put the bill to a final vote; that preparation is underway. The second part showed a seven-minute recess set by the Reform Party faction before the vote, after which members were called to vote. Finally, it was emphasized that the adoption of this bill requires a majority of votes from the composition of the Riigikogu, and a final vote was carried out. The precise information regarding the result was displayed, and the bill was passed as a law.

The agenda included the third reading of the draft law amending the Code of Civil Procedure, initiated by the Legal Affairs Committee, number 493. Following the opening of the agenda item, discussions were announced, but since no one expressed a desire to speak, they were immediately closed. At the suggestion of the Presiding Committee, it was decided to proceed with the final vote on the draft law. Before the vote began, the attention of the members of the Riigikogu was drawn to the fact that a majority of the composition of the Riigikogu is required to pass the law. The draft law number 493 was put to a final vote.

The results of the vote showed strong support: 72 members of the Riigikogu voted in favor, 0 voted against, and 1 member abstained. Draft law number 493 was adopted as a law.

Today’s fourth agenda item concerned the third reading of the draft law amending the Construction Code Act, the Act on Administrative Cooperation, and the Water Act 531. Discussions began, focusing on the content of the draft and the reduction of bureaucracy, which should be distributed towards local governments with a broader mandate specifically in the areas of drilling drinking water wells. While restrictions on the use of certain methods will reach the level of regulation, it was emphasized that responsibility remains with the Environmental Agency if protected natural values are present. The Isamaa faction highlighted the need for additional regulation and analysis to ensure clarity and fairness.

The discussion turned to agenda item five, which concerned the third reading of the draft law amending the Aliens Act and other related laws (to improve migration proceedings) 548. The debate was opened to parliamentary factions, but was immediately closed as no members requested to speak. At the proposal of the Steering Committee, a final vote was taken on draft law 548. Sixty-three members of the Riigikogu participated in the vote. Sixty members voted in favor of the draft law, three voted against, and there were no abstentions. Therefore, draft law 548 was adopted as a law.

The sixth item on the agenda was the third reading of bill 549, the Act amending the Maritime Safety Act and other laws, initiated by the Government of the Republic. The chair of the session opened the debate, but as no one expressed a desire to speak, they promptly closed it. At the proposal of the lead committee, the session then proceeded to the final vote on the bill. 65 members of the Riigikogu participated in the vote. 65 delegates voted in favor of adopting the bill, and there were no votes against or abstentions. Bill 549 was passed as law. With this, the third readings scheduled for this session were considered concluded.

Under agenda item seven, the draft law amending the Defence Forces Organisation Act and the Economic Zone Act (strengthening maritime security) 565 was discussed in its second reading. The draft law was initiated by the Government (January 21, 2025), the first reading concluded on February 19, 2025, and no amendments were submitted by the external guiding committee. The National Defence Committee submitted two amendment proposals, and discussions on the draft law took place at lunchtime and previous sessions on March 17 and 24. The discussions highlighted the greater importance of maritime law and the protection of the continental shelf. Heiki Lindpere pointed out that the legal framework for the protection of the continental shelf, the seabed beneath it, and underwater infrastructure is lacking, and the relevance of the continental shelf law and the territorial sea law to the situation should be considered. The speeches also touched on the possibility of supplementing the state border law regarding damage caused by ship anchor dragging and the need to quickly implement adequate protective measures. The actions were approved, and the final outcome was a decision to complete the draft law’s second reading as quickly as possible, taking into account the continuing threat of damage to vital infrastructure in the Baltic Sea. Finally, language and normative technical clarifications were approved, along with a procedural decision to conclude the draft law’s second reading.

The eighth item on the agenda was the second reading of the draft law amending the law on churches and congregations, initiated by the Republic's Government, bill number 570. The presenter was the chairman of the legal affairs committee, Andre Hanimägi, who outlined the process from the first reading to the completion of today’s second reading. Amendments were submitted by the Estonian Centre Party faction and Members of the Riigikogu, Riina Solman and Priit Sibul; additionally, the Ministry of the Interior made editorial proposals. Public discussion initially took place in a preceding period with the council of churches, theologians, and experts, where constitutional compatibility, freedom of religion, and the issues of the Moscow Patriarchate and the Pühtitsa Monastery were discussed. The discussion then continued at the session, highlighting various nuances, including the question of how to implement the possibility of compulsory liquidation if a clergyman or organization does not meet the requirements stipulated by law. The activity was characterized by a broad-ranging discussion on the constitution, freedom of religion, and the boundaries of state power, and an attempt to find a balance between the interests of state security and human rights. Ultimately, procedural decisions were adopted and it was agreed that the second reading would be concluded today, and the bill will be presented to the plenary session on March 26th, with a final vote scheduled for April 9th.

The discussion in the first row focused on questions between the prime minister and members of the Riigikogu on policy frameworks and economic policy topics. The discussion reflected the Bank of Estonia’s recent inflation forecast, which will likely lead to tax increases and the resulting economic impacts, as well as the interpretation of the coalition agreement and the president’s assessment of it. The swearing-in of the new ministers was also a significant backdrop, reflecting the government’s overall operational capacity and shared direction. In addition, questions arose regarding annual reports, retrospective remarks across coalition parties, and the reorganization of the list of ministries, including the ministry of climate.

The second question concerned the selection of ministers and the reliability of the coalition: whether this is a “new government” or rather a continuation of the existing composition, and what background checks are being applied to the ministers. The debate revealed sharp criticism regarding the surfacing of ministers' pasts and their stances on Russia, including statements associated with Sveti and Igor Taro. Both past and present government tax and economic decisions were criticized, and there was a split on whether the coalition members are suitable for a single government. Boldness and national defense topics were also addressed, but the focus remained on the appropriateness of the ministers' selection and background checks, as well as the use of discretion by coalition partners when formulating coalition agreements.

The discussion of the third question focused on security and the ability of people to cope during economically challenging times. Helmen Kütt raised the question of how to help those whose incomes have not grown or have actually fallen, and who have special needs, or whose employment and incomes are seasonal or unstable. The discussion took place against a backdrop of accelerating inflation, economic growth, and changes to the tax system, which hoped to contribute to higher net pay and reduced poverty. PM Kristen Michal, in response, pointed out that year-end bank forecasts and plans to correct taxes may increase the portion of money available in household budgets, and that increases to pensions and the minimum wage will help alleviate this year's challenges; it was also mentioned that the purpose of the income tax-free minimum and other tax benefits is to reduce poverty and make money accessible. The discussion also indicated that for the coming years, the processes will involve parliament and corresponding decisions must be adopted there. The second section focused on amendments to the employment contract law, which may affect wages and security, and about which there was a continuing discussion; it was concluded that the third question had been closed and further discussion would continue at the parliamentary level.

Today's fourth question focused on the problems of erecting and funding the memorial to the War of Independence on Hiiumaa, near Pühalepa church. Member of the Riigikogu Vladimir Arhipov addressed Culture Minister Heidy Purga, describing the memorial’s current location as "a hole" and "a disgrace to the Estonian state," emphasizing the monument’s symbolic importance in national memory. Arhipov inquired about the government’s plans to rectify the injustice.

Minister Purga provided a detailed overview of the funding history, explaining that while the Ministry of Defence initially allocated €0.5 million from the 2022 budget, the Riigikogu finance committee reduced that amount by €250,000, redirecting the remainder to the renovation of Pühalepa St. Lawrence’s Church. The Ministry of Culture has already allocated €250,000 to the Hiiumaa Heritage Protection Society. However, when the society later requested an additional €350,000 due to rising prices, the ministry was forced to decline due to budget constraints. Purga affirmed that the state has done everything possible within the allocated €250,000 and promised to maintain contact with local stakeholders so that the memorial can be completed when the state budget situation improves. Arhipov’s repeated request to find emergency additional funding (considering the municipality's €100,000 contribution) went unanswered, citing the limited possibilities of budgetary resources.

Attention focused on the latest, or fifth, Riigikogu question regarding the integration of immigrants, presented by Member of the Riigikogu Tõnis Lukas to the Minister of Culture Heidy Purga. The discussion opened a debate on the balanced integration of immigration and the associated risks if labor needs cannot be met, and touched upon the government's established position and future guiding principles. It was also pointed out that the government does not import immigrants itself, and that in the historical use of limits and quotas, there have been both unfulfilled and outstanding permits, highlighting the need to strengthen language education and integration.

The second chapter focused on the content and funding of the integration program "Settle in Estonia." The Minister described the program as a free learning and integration program that helps foreigners quickly integrate into Estonian society and is primarily funded by European structural funds. It was also emphasized that the program is not considered mandatory for every newcomer and that the implementation and funding of the program are linked to the availability and conditions of European funds, and more detailed information can be found on settleinestonia.ee. In addition, language education and language laws were discussed, and how the Ministry of Culture, in cooperation with the Ministry of Education and Research, is trying to increase the capacity for adult language education and promote the status of the Estonian language and structures of cultural integration. Finally, the question of how to deal with the future possibilities of increasing immigration was addressed, and what the cooperation is in the area of cultural and education policy in the development of training for young NEETs and programs like Kultuuriranits.

Within the framework of the Riigikogu’s sixth question, the interrelation of security and demographic and economic phenomena was discussed, focusing on the impact of foreign labor flows, labor shortages, and the continued cultural and socio-cultural viability of the state. The representative of EKRE, Mart Helme, presented the scale of foreign labor flows as a critical phenomenon and gave a critical assessment of Estonia’s demographic development, warning of potential long-term social and security risks and emphasizing the need for strong borders and an integration framework.

Opponents, in turn, saw that solutions to economic and labor needs should focus on developing the skills of Estonian people, training, and labor market conditions before considering a wider influx of labor from outside. At the same time, the discussions also touched on border control, the balancing of internal migration, and the impact of the demographic situation on the state as a cultural and linguistic identity. Overall, the focus was on security as a broader issue concerning the cohesion of the state and nation, and how to achieve balance between economic needs and national interests.

The Riigikogu information session focused on tax policy and questions concerning food prices. Züleyxa Izmailova highlighted inflation, consumer purchasing power, and the relationship between food value-added tax, referencing the experiences of other countries and asking what specific measures the government should implement to lower food prices. Prime Minister Kaja Kallas stated that the main objective of the response is clearly maintaining balance: while exceptions like reducing the value-added tax on food are theoretically under discussion, a cost-benefit analysis must be conducted and the state's defense and budget dynamics must be ensured. Proposals included initially addressing the overall fairness and sustainability of the tax system, including raising the income tax-free minimum and eliminating the income tax burden from the first euro. Additional topics covered included competition in the food industry and the influence of intermediaries on prices, and the discussion continued with questions and answers regarding the impact of rising food prices and tax changes. A second direction emerged, namely the procedural question raised by Reili Rand and other colleagues, which concerned the possibilities for conducting information sessions and the possibility of re-submitting questions to the Prime Minister or in writing.

Eight questions concerned the decisions of the prime minister and the government, as well as the ETS2 climate action framework, including the postponement or annulment of the directive. Anastassia Kovalenko-Kõlvart presented a critical review of previous decisions within the coalition, and the question was how the Reform Party initially supported the directive and why the current position appears contradictory. The PM explained that the political and economic circumstances affecting the coalition have changed over time, and Estonia's position remains clear – a postponement and ultimately an annulment is being sought, and this work will receive the necessary support and mandate from the commission in cooperation with other countries. Another topic, the ongoing discussions and exemptions regarding car taxes for people with disabilities, highlighted constitutional discussions and the influence of the President's position; the PM emphasized that if there are errors, they must be corrected or the law annulled, and that process is underway in cooperation with the finance committee. Additionally, a procedural comment was also made regarding references made by female party members.

9. The question concerns the additional importation of qualified labor and cooperation with education and industry needs regarding coalition agreements. The debate focuses on the idea that Estonia must develop its skills base while simultaneously allowing the inclusion of highly qualified labor to increase added value, economic growth, and the general standard of living. Discussions have touched upon the possibility of exception mechanisms and the importation of cheap labor, but it is emphasized that the goal is not mass immigration or cheap labor, but rather the inclusion of skilled labor and the implementation of conclusions based on the OSKA report, directed towards skills. Emphasis is placed on cooperation with government colleagues and other socio-political partners, and a commitment to developing education and vocational training in line with the needs of the economy.

The presented agenda reflects the swearing-in ceremony of former colleague Toomas Järveoja into the XV composition of the Riigikogu. The first speech formally invites Toomas Järveoja to become a member of the Riigikogu and requests his presence. The second speech confirms his commitment to fulfilling his duties and taking an oath of loyalty to the Republic of Estonia and its constitutional order. The third speech explains that Järveoja is assuming the position of Riigikogu member in connection with the suspension of Karmen Joller’s powers, and that her substitute has been sworn in. In summary, the topic is a change in the composition of the Riigikogu and the symbolic confirmation of the oath.

The focus of the agenda item was the swearing-in ceremony of the new members of the Republic of Estonia's Government. The meeting leader announced the decision of the Republic’s President dated March 24th of this year, number 531, by which five new ministers were appointed. The new ministers are Andres Sutt as Minister of Energy and Environment, Hendrik Johannes Terras as Minister of Regional Affairs and Agriculture, Igor Taro as Minister of the Interior, Karmen Joller as Minister of Social Affairs, and Kuldar Leis as Minister of Infrastructure. All of the appointed ministers took the sacred oath individually, pledging to remain faithful to the constitutional order of the Republic of Estonia and to dedicate their efforts to the well-being and security of the future of the Estonian people. Following the swearing-in ceremony, the meeting leader announced a five-minute recess so that members of the Riigikogu could congratulate the new ministers.

The second paragraph of the Chairman’s agenda covered the requirement for the first reading to pass the draft law (584) amending the whistleblower protection law regarding violations of European Union law and the international sanctions law. The draft is of a technical nature and adds amendments to the law concerning the protection of whistleblowers in cases of sanctions violations and the organization of reporting, including references to the European Union directive and the international sanctions law. In addition, digital developments are highlighted: the absence of page numbers in the EU Official Journal does not stem from a deficiency, but reflects the increasing use of digital tools. The draft stipulates that entry into force will occur on May 20th, in accordance with the deadline for the adoption of the directive. Furthermore, issues related to reducing administrative burden and the practical implementation of the provisions were included on the agenda, and there was a discussion on how the draft relates to the broader implementation of EU and international sanctions and how narrowly the whistleblower protection law should be applied.

The first reading of draft law 589, amending the Emergency Situations Act, initiated by the Government of the Republic, was presented. The purpose of the draft is to change the organization of the provision of vital services and to increase their efficiency and accessibility, including when data or equipment are located in a foreign country. Significant changes include ensuring two technologically separate communication channels to guarantee the operation of vital services, and restructuring the supervision arrangement by replacing the sole competence of the State Information System Agency with supervision at sites. In the discussion, it was pointed out that these changes create flexibility for entrepreneurs and better service accessibility for consumers, while maintaining necessary security margins.

Collectively, these principles were approved in their entirety, and in the discussion, initial nuances regarding the restructuring of the supervision arrangement were clarified, along with the next steps in the draft’s procedure. The Defence Committee supported the general principles of the draft and unanimously proposed to the Riigikogu to end the first reading, to place it on the agenda, and to name the committee member Kristo Enn Vaga as the rapporteur. In the concluding chapter, the deadline for submitting amendments was also confirmed, along with the procedure for the day's conclusion, to ensure the process is clear and organized.

The agenda item was the draft bill to amend the Electricity Market Act (No. 568), initiated by the Conservative People's Party of Estonia faction. The draft's purpose is to end subsidies for renewable energy support payments to wind energy producers, in order to reduce consumers' electricity bills and direct resources towards energy efficiency, the protection of household consumers, and increased energy independence. The speaker pointed out that renewable energy support has cost over 1 billion euros in the last 14 years, and that the money comes from consumers' pockets; it was emphasized that intervention in the market should only benefit more efficient and viable solutions. The debate discussed the transparency of the subsidy money and where the funds actually reach, which companies and projects are being supported, and whether it would be more sensible to direct the subsidy funds into energy efficiency programs and local energy solutions. In addition, proposals were made to extend the content of the draft to solar energy producers, and discussions were held regarding grid-based investments and energy security. At the end of the agenda, the debate concluded with the conclusion that the draft should be rejected on the first reading and the procedure suspended, which was confirmed by the voting results and the draft falls out of the procedure.

The first item on the agenda concerned draft resolution 562 of the Riigikogu, presented by the Isamaa faction, which aimed to propose to the Republic’s Government the closure of the temporary control line between Estonia and Russia. The presenter outlined the justifications – mitigating security risks, controlling processes occurring in the context of sanctions rule violations and international trade, and the practical and messaging aspects associated with them – and pointed out that the temporary closure of the border control line could reduce manipulations and risks carried out across the border. However, the need for a risk assessment was discussed, along with the potential handling of exemptions should the government make a decision based on the situation.

The debate also focused on the technical feasibility and operational impacts, both on the border guard's workload and the signaling value for the country's security, citing the Estlink 2 sabotage and the international context. The government’s perspective on ordering a risk assessment and the timeframe for April brought to light that decision-making must be based on analyses and the country's sovereign consideration, but the discussion garnered broad attention to the positions of various factions and security experts.

The present session focused on consideration of draft law 583 in the first reading of the Riigikogu, concerning accession to the optional protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, initiated by the Government of the Republic, and approval of the amendment to Article 20(1) of the Convention. The draft law aims to give the people of Estonia an additional tool for protection and safeguarding rights – complaints regarding violations of the Convention can be submitted to the UN Committee, and investigations can be initiated if domestic legal protection has not been effective. An important technical nuance is that accession to the optional protocol does not require any additional legislation or major satisfaction or administrative costs in Estonia – funding will be accounted for within the existing budget and no additional jobs will be created. An amendment has also been presented concerning the duration of the sessions of the Convention’s monitoring body: the aim is to eliminate restrictions and make the duration of the sessions more flexible due to the increased number of participating states.

The first item on the agenda concerns the third reading of the draft law amending the Family Benefits Act and other laws, initiated by the Government of the Republic. Discussions between factions focused on harmonizing the support model and ensuring a fairer distribution for children whose parent has become a parent. The desire is to create a separate benefit for each child and to ensure the benefit is manageable and sustainable, regardless of the parent's previous income or the number of children.

The draft provides for an initial benefit of €272, indexed to increases in the cost of living, and is projected to reach approximately €345 per month by 2026. This mechanism is intended to reduce the risk of poverty for single parents and large families and to increase overall social justice and solidarity in the country. In the debate, emphasis was placed on the need to avoid cuts at the expense of the vulnerable and to promote equality to improve the well-being of all families.

The Riigikogu will discuss in today’s second reading draft law 385 (second reading) amending the law on foreign relations initiated by the Republic's Government, and amending other laws related thereto. The rapporteur is the chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee, Marko Mihkelson. The purpose of the draft law is to introduce changes to the fundamental document coordinating foreign relations, changes that have arisen from historical practice and evolved with the international context. Background information refers to the first reading taking place on May 8, 2024, and the committee’s thorough proceedings, including the sessions held on November 27, 2024, and March 10, 2025, where the committee’s amendment proposals and the Foreign Minister's assessments were discussed. An important topic of discussion is the constitutional legal aspect: Parliament’s competence regarding denunciation, compared to existing practice, and how the text of the law on foreign relations solves this issue in its current form. As a final stage, votes have been held and a decision has been made to conclude the second reading of the draft law, as a result of which the possibility of continuing the third reading arises. Amendment proposals related to the draft law have come from the Foreign Affairs Committee and from several ministries, and their consideration has been completed.

Within the framework of the third agenda item, the second reading of the draft law amending the Penal Code and other related laws initiated by the Republic's Government (sanctions violations) – bill 441 – was considered. The main objective is to improve the proceedings related to sanctions violations and to make the bureaucracy and burden on investigators more effective, in accordance with the minimum requirements of the European Union and the framework related to restrictions and export bans. A significant aspect is cross-border competence: the Tax and Customs Board (MTA) must deal with sanctions violations at the border, while the Protection Police Board (KAPO) continues to deal with violations related to strategic goods; at the same time, efforts are being made to reduce resources and burden on both law enforcement and the prosecutor's office. A second additional topic was the proposal to expand the means of investigation (e.g., eavesdropping on conversations and using police officers), which the commission discussed in detail, seeking a balance between rights and effective surveillance.

Bill 531 concerns amendments to the Construction Code Act, the Administrative Cooperation Act, and the Water Act, and is the second reading. The main objectives are to reduce the burden on bureaucracy and partially delegate responsibility to local governments, to speed up and clarify project coordination, and to terminate somewhat duplicated control mechanisms between the Environmental Agency and local governments. Within the changes, the Environmental Agency will in the future be limited to fewer cases of coordination; at the second level, the authority to establish sewage collection areas is transferred from the Ministry of Justice to the Director General of the Environmental Agency, and the organization of water sample takers' certification is delegated to a private legal entity under an administrative contract. Following the initial reading, no amendments were submitted by members of the Riigikogu or committees; the Environment Committee submitted two amendments of its own, and two committee sessions were preparatory discussions with stakeholder groups. After the second reading, the leading committee directed the bill to the Riigikogu agenda on March 19th, for the planned third reading. Discussions during the initial discussions raised important issues regarding legal certainty, drilling methods, and the smoothness of procedures for local governments, and the discussion included both groundwater protection, owner supervision, and the impact of geological drill holes on the water quality of rural areas. In summary, the committee adopted two amendments, and the vote to conclude the second reading ended with unofficial discussions.

The sole item on the agenda concerned the second reading of the draft law amending the Maritime Safety Act and other laws, initiated by the Republic of Estonia's Government. The presentation was delivered by the chairman of the Economic Affairs Committee, Jaak Aab, who provided an overview of the meeting results and the reflection of changes. The Riigikogu did not receive any new amendment proposals regarding this draft law, but during the process, one proposal arose concerning port ancillary services, which was discussed with representatives of the ministry. The committee's working group reviewed the reviews made with the initiators’ representatives and decided that the majority of amendment proposals had come from the ministry and were taken into account by the Economic Affairs Committee. Additionally, procedural decisions were made at the meeting of March 10th: including the draft law's inclusion on the plenary agenda for March 19th, and the completion of the second reading; after which the draft law will be placed on the plenary agenda and a final vote will be conducted on March 26, 2025. At the March 11th Economic Affairs Committee meeting, the discussion about the wording of one amendment proposal concerned an amendment to the Port Act and focused on the addition of the term "ancillary services" – a consensus was confirmed that the law authorizes the minister to establish and amend a list of ancillary services by regulation. In summary, the keywords were that the amendment proposals were largely the proposals of the ministry and the final procedural decisions were adopted by consensus. In short, all the work has been directed towards completing the second reading of the draft law and bringing it to a final vote.

The Riigikogu discussed the draft law amending the Defence Service Act 563 SE in today's session during its first reading. The presenter of the draft, Member of the Riigikogu Kalle Grünthal, stated that compensation paid to reservists during training gatherings should be indexed annually according to changes in the cost of living, to ensure their financial stability and motivation to continue service. The proposed model is based on the current pay (37 euros per soldier, 40 euros per non-commissioned officer, 50 euros per officer) and a coefficient of 1.3, on the basis of which the impact of indexing will be calculated. The speaker emphasized that larger increases should not be made without weighing the sources of funding and the impact on the state budget, and highlighted the complex situation of reservists — paying bank and housing obligations and ensuring family well-being. The debate broadened to the question of the balance of state defence funding: how and whether to increase defence capability without meaning an inadequate burden on the state budget. Various members of the opposition and coalition spoke at the session, highlighting the impact of inflation, changes in labor costs, and the responses of government agencies to the draft. Finally, the governing committee decided to reject the draft in the first reading, citing both technical and political considerations, and the need to find a sustainable solution along with sources of funding and development plans.

The session focused on a plan to stimulate the economy and its implementation priorities. The first question was directed to the Minister of Economic and Industrial Affairs, Erkki Keldor, and concerned specific measures aimed at increasing the competitiveness and added value of the Estonian economy, and ensuring a stable and affordable business environment even in crisis situations. Key steps outlined included a 45-point action plan, the implementation of which involves legislative and regulatory changes and cooperation with entrepreneurs; in addition, a €100 million protection fund has been created, and a €160 million large investment fund was recently opened, which over the new period will encourage significant investments in the Estonian economy. In terms of legislation, emphasis was placed on simplifying the tax environment and refraining from raising corporate income tax by 2% in order to maintain competitiveness among OECD countries and ensure business stability. Overall, the minister spoke about a broader plan to create a knowledge-based economy and to provide entrepreneurs with the simplest and clearest possible business environment.

The topic addressed the state of the country and the government's legitimacy within the context of a constitutional mandate. Helle-Moonika Helme posed a question in the Riigikogu focusing on the government's mandate and the consistent adherence to democratic processes; she emphasized that the old coalition has dissolved and a new government has not been formed through a judicial process, which, in her opinion, has created a situation where parliament has not given its approval to the government. She called on the Riigikogu and the President to act constitutionally to slow down political decision-making until a new, legitimate government is formed. She also referred to the formation of public opinion and ratings, which, according to her, do not indicate the government's mandate to govern the country. The other party responded, and the discussion moved on within the context of constitutional obligations and the Ombudsman's analysis, including discussions about when and how the Prime Minister is or is not obligated to resign.

Today's portion of the Riigikogu session focused on security issues, particularly ensuring the capabilities of the Defence Forces and defence spending. Member of the Riigikogu, Lauri Läänemets, posed a specific question to Prime Minister Kristen Michal regarding the implementation of the Defence Forces Commander's military advice, concerning the procurement of 1.6 billion euros worth of supplies. Läänemets demanded clarification as to whether the government would accelerate the current seven-year plan to three years, as the Defence Forces Commander suggested, to ensure the necessary capabilities. Prime Minister Michal responded that the government has decided to raise defence spending to at least 5% of GDP next year, indicating that the supplies would be procured in accordance with the advice, and likely more than 1.6 billion euros. Michal emphasized that the entirety of the Defence Forces Commander's advice is not public, avoiding a direct answer regarding the three-year acceleration.

In a follow-up question, Jaak Aab addressed the potential conflict between offshore wind farms and state defence radar systems. Aab referred to studies indicating that wind farms could impede significant state defence capabilities, such as maritime and air surveillance and coastal defence. Prime Minister explained that the government is addressing this issue by procuring compensating radar systems. This solution will allow for the construction of renewable energy parks without interfering with the Defence Forces’ early warning systems and state defence interests.

Riigikogu member Urmas Reinsalu posed questions to Prime Minister Kaja Kallas regarding national defense policy and the disregard for the advice of the Defence Forces Commander. Reinsalu focused on two main topics: the failure to take into account the Defence Forces Commander’s recommendations (regarding capability development) presented in September 2024 in the 2025 budget strategy, and the postponement of the development of anti-drone capabilities. Reinsalu referred to claims made by former minister Lauri Läänemets, stating that the government deemed the September plans financially unfeasible, and quoted the Defence Minister Pevkur’s 2023 response, in which drones were considered "relatively slow and detectable even with the naked eye." Reinsalu accused the government of political timidity.

Prime Minister Kallas rejected Läänemets’s claims, describing them as emotional and embellished memories. Kallas emphasized that government decisions, including the recent goal of raising defense spending to 5% of GDP by 2026, are based on the advice of the Defence Forces Commander. She sharply criticized the Isamaa party and Reinsalu, accusing them of diminishing Estonia's national defense and engaging in public “mud-slinging” that damages Estonia’s reputation and suppliers. In a follow-up question, Helir-Valdor Seeder criticized Kallas for focusing on percentages and posed a series of specific questions about increasing actual capabilities (wartime structure, territorial defense equipment, halting the departure of active-duty personnel). Kallas responded critically to Seeder as well, accusing Isamaa of inconsistency: first criticizing financial decisions, then arguing that money isn’t even needed, but rather internal organization needs to be addressed. At the end of the session, Seeder posed a procedural question, requesting the chair to reprimand the Prime Minister for misrepresenting the positions of Isamaa, which the chair rejected.

In the Riigikogu session, the responses of Minister of Economic and Industrial Affairs Erkki Keldo to questions from Riigikogu members regarding the functioning of a market economy in Estonia were discussed. Aleksandr Tšaplõgin initiated the discussion with the question of whether Estonia operates under a market economy or a planned economy, citing the taxation of oil shale energy and the subsidization of green energy, which, in his view, creates unequal competition. Minister Keldo affirmed that Estonia has a market economy, explaining that carbon emission allowances and subsidies are part of a Europe-wide system aimed at ensuring a clean environment and a stable, diversified energy mix (wind, sun, storage) in the future.

The discussion intensified when Tšaplõgin and then Anastassia Kovalenko-Kõlvart focused on alleged corruption and unfair competition related to politicians from the coalition partner, Eesti 200. The case involving companies associated with Tarmo Tamm, which received positive subsidy decisions from the Just Transition Fund (JTF) within a short period, was particularly highlighted. Kovalenko-Kõlvart directly asked if such actions resemble the practices of developing countries, where successful business depends on political connections, and also referred to the torpedoing of the platform work directive in favor of Bolt. Minister Keldo dismissed the corruption accusations, emphasizing that Estonia is a rule of law state and that suspicions should be reported to the relevant authorities. He defended the JTF subsidies, noting that they are essential for diversifying the economy of Ida-Virumaa and that companies applying for support must contribute over 50% of the project's total cost and meet public assessment criteria.

This sixth survey represents a Riigikogu inquiry into the Prime Minister’s largest plan for Estonia. The conversation opened with a question posed by Rain Eleri, who highlighted a critical observation regarding the clarity of the Prime Minister’s vision and strategic direction, and questioned the reliability of conclusions based on what he termed “number magic.” The Prime Minister responded with the example of a "land of free citizens," and emphasized the creation of a modern, innovative, and secure Estonia for the 21st century, whose observable aims are economic growth, increased defense spending, and simplified entrepreneurship. Issues stemming from security policy and energy were also raised, and demographic and regional issues, as well as the EU’s role in the context of the country’s directions, were discussed.

A second major topic turned specifically to the systematization of tax and taxation policy, the impact of increased defense spending, and the reduction of digital governance and bureaucracy. The two camps are primarily divided by their vision of the future position of Estonia: whether increased national defense and social stability, along with economic growth, will contribute to the creation of a strong, independent state, or whether it will create significant pressure on people's well-being and lead to a decline in demographic indicators. Ultimately, the discussion drifted towards examining which vision will be practically realized in Estonia and how Europe and national security relate to one another.

Today's seventh question before the Riigikogu was directed to Prime Minister Kalle Jaanson and addressed topics of national defense, recent criticisms, and accelerating procurement processes. Anti Allas highlighted the assessment given by two top specialists in the defense sector, Kusti Salmi and Martin Herem: the procurement process is not fast enough and the choices may not all be optimal. He asked whether Herem was exaggerating or even lying, and what will be done differently compared to what has been done so far. This sparked a debate about speed, transparency, and the assessment of procurement administrative mechanisms.

The Prime Minister responded, emphasizing that the explanations from the Minister of Defence and representatives of the Defence Forces are clear: things are being done as quickly as possible. He confirmed that defense investments next year will be at least 5% of GDP, and that even more work will be done in the procurement sector in the coming years. He also pointed out that the entrepreneurs' council has already been launched, and that additional measures will be discussed at the expert level and with a wider circle if necessary. Furthermore, he stressed the need for a unified national defense and foreign policy speech, noting that the government will not be swept along by the winds of a political campaign. Finally, attention was also paid to domestic political discussions and bold action in the area of security in order to protect the country and its citizens.

Today's eighth question is titled "Government Austerity Plan" and emerges as a significant point of focus regarding changes in the country's expenses and bureaucratic system. The question's presenter is Member of the Riigikogu Mart Maastik, and it sheds light on how the planned cuts and position relocations are realized in practice. Since the main focus of the example is the personnel changes that occurred in the Environmental Agency and the creation of the new KIK and KHAK, the discussion raises the question of whether this is truly "modern austerity policy" or rather a carefully disguised reorganization that forces expenses to be redistributed so that jobs are eliminated in one place and created or expanded in another ministry.

The second topic focuses on infrastructure and budget priorities—the financing of road maintenance, the balance of costs for significant projects, and the financing of planned facilities. The discussion highlighted questions about where to direct limited resources to strengthen the economy, ensure mobility, and at the same time maintain defense capabilities and national defense. The Prime Minister deemed it necessary to emphasize that if it is possible to add money to the budget without a budget, investing in infrastructure is reasonable; at the same time, a warning was issued that the state must consider budget possibilities and challenges.

Today's nine questions were directed at Prime Minister Kaja Kallas and addressed topics related to the digital society. Kert Kingo posed a critical question regarding the government's actions concerning the development of digital tracking and data collection, focusing on the collection of biometric data by ABIS and the planned nationwide network of surveillance cameras based on facial and gesture recognition. The criticism centered on the protection of privacy and human rights and the preservation of democratic ways of life, with the discussion also touching on the consensus nature of government decisions and the role of public participation. Furthermore, concerns were raised about the potential for increased control and the expansion of a surveillance society, as well as the question of whose ideas and decisions officials are actually implementing.

The second part of the discussion focused on specific indicators – to what extent do conversations and responses suggest that these are actions related to the digitization of the state, for which there is a lack of clear responsibility and authority? In this context, reference is also made to the media and examples from other countries, emphasizing the need for clarity and democratic control mechanisms. Overall, the aim is to discuss how the digital society and surveillance technologies fit with Estonia’s constitutional principles and freedoms.

In the information session, the tenth question addressed the topic of overload charges in the energy sector. Member of the Riigikogu, Andres Metsoja, posed a question to Prime Minister Kaja Kallas, asking why Estonia cannot use the revenue from overload charges to make electricity bills more affordable, as Finland does, and why Estonia has found itself in an unequal situation compared to Finland in the energy market within the unified European Union. Metsoja referred to criticism from the CEO of Eesti Energia, Andrus Durejko, who considered the current energy sales system unreasonable from a societal perspective.

Prime Minister Kallas explained that the European Union’s electricity market regulation establishes priorities for the use of revenue from overload charges. First, this money must be used to increase transmission capacities (e.g., the construction of Estlink 3) and to improve access to the electricity market, in order to reduce the risk of blackouts in the future. Only when these two objectives cannot be fully achieved can the money be used to reduce consumer costs. Kallas emphasized that this is a financial choice: whether to collect money in advance to build connections (through overload charges) or to cover costs with a loan and pay later with interest. Prime Minister Kallas attributed Finland’s lower prices to long-term energy choices, such as the proportion of hydro and nuclear power in their portfolio.

The agenda item concerned the second reading of the draft law amending the Code of Civil Procedure, initiated by the Legal Affairs Committee, 493. The presentation was made by the chairman of the Legal Affairs Committee, Andre Hanimägi, who explained that the purpose of the draft is to bring the code into compliance with the Constitution, taking into account the previous position of the Chancellor of Justice. Specifically, the Riigikogu found that there was a situation unconstitutional in that the necessary expenses of a person (food, medicine, etc.) were not taken into account when providing procedural assistance.

Hanimägi pointed out that, although the Ministry of Justice expressed concern about a potential slowdown in court proceedings, the Legal Affairs Committee found that the amendment must include both litigation and non-litigation proceedings to ensure that individuals have access to court without financial obstacles. The committee made two technical amendments to the draft: the section on implementing provisions was removed and the title was changed. Both amendment proposals were fully accepted and, on the proposal of the lead committee, the second reading was concluded.

The debate concerning the bill amending the Aliens Act and other related acts (to improve migration procedures) took place during the second reading of Bill 548. The main focus was accelerating migration procedures and strengthening migration control through the digital “one-stop shop” principle and the integration of data exchange between state institutions (the Police and Border Guard Board, the Tax and Customs Board, the Labour Inspectorate, and the Employment Service) via the X-tee system. The bill also includes additional grounds and criteria for granting residence permits, conditions for probationary work, and conditions for permanent residency, including the completion of an integration program and the requirement of a minimum A2 level language proficiency, and a definition of the length of permanent residency in Estonia. The first reading took place on January 28th; the deadline for amendments was February 11th, and no amendments were received. The committee involved stakeholders and discussed proposals, resulting in six amendments being submitted and agreed upon. From March 10th to 11th, the constitutional committee heard opinions and decided to make those six amendments, the content of which clarified the provisions of the Aliens Act regarding the exception for waiving visa requirements, the temporal rate of previous economic activity, and changes relating to labour market control and the sustainability of entrepreneurship. Finally, a decision will be adopted to conclude the second reading of the bill and to conclude the consideration of the second agenda item, taking the six amendments into account “fully”.

First reading of the draft law (585) amending the Political Parties Act and the Credit Institutions Act in the Riigikogu. The draft expands the powers of the Political Parties Funding Oversight Commission (ERJK), prohibits the transfer of certain donations to the state budget, and adds the concept of affiliated organizations and regulations on the involvement of third parties. Additional requirements for submitting documents and explanations are also being discussed, and a priority is being added/changed to make media submissions formal documentation. The purpose of the draft is to ensure the transparency and self-regulation of party financing and to protect democracy from external influence. As a significant element, the presenter emphasizes that, from the point of view of the functioning of the state, it is essential to ensure the free, fair, and transparent representation of the will of the people, but the draft does not solve all problems, therefore, parliamentary parties are invited to find solutions to the draft's shortcomings. Negotiations, procedural and cooperation aspects, and the prevention of external influence have been particularly highlighted.