Plenary Sessions

The first agenda item concerned the Riigikogu draft resolution 576 submitted by the Centre Party faction, the purpose of which is to establish a Riigikogu investigative committee to examine the security of the Riigikogu’s e-election process. A representative presentation was made from colleague Lauri Laats at the Riigikogu speaker’s platform, his speech focusing on the deficiencies in the secrecy, transparency, and security of e-voting, and the need for an independent investigation and drawing conclusions. He highlighted international experiences and OSCE/ODIHR observation reports, which emphasize the need to strengthen verifiability and auditability.

The second part of the discussion concerned specific tasks of the investigative committee and potential solutions: analyzing the findings of TalTech scientists to be confirmed or refuted by independent experts, determining mechanisms for detecting and preventing potential election manipulation, assessing the adequacy of election auditing procedures, and analyzing the risks of mobile voting and compliance with international standards. There was also a discussion about whether the e-election system meets democratic standards and when and how to consider a temporary transition to safer voting methods. Finally, the aim was established to submit a final report to the Riigikogu and the public no later than December 1, 2025, when the committee's powers expire.

The Riigikogu discussed the first reading of draft resolution 579 submitted by the Centre Party faction, "Proposal to the Republic of Estonia Government to reduce the value-added tax on foodstuffs to 9 percent." Presenter of the draft Lauri Laats (Centre Party) emphasized, based on data from the Institute for Economic Research, the deterioration of the Estonian economy and people's ability to cope, citing high inflation and rising food prices, which are pushing a quarter of the population to the brink of poverty. He pointed out that 25 European Union member states use a lower VAT rate on foodstuffs, which, in his opinion, proves the measure's effectiveness.

The debate widely addressed tax policy priorities, criticizing the government’s decisions (such as the abolition of the tax shield and the increase in the share of consumption taxes). Diana Ingerainen (AyubOtYc9xI), representative of the Finance Committee, announced that the committee decided to reject the draft (5 in favor, 2 against), citing analyses that show the impact of reducing VAT on consumer prices is short-term or absent. The opposition (Centre Party) argued against this, citing a statement from a trade association representative that prices would fall. After negotiations, the draft was put to a final vote, where it was rejected due to the lack of the necessary majority.

The second agenda item concerns the first reading of bill 593, an act to amend the value-added tax act, initiated by the Conservative People's Party of Estonia. The bill aims to reduce the value-added tax on foodstuffs to 5% and to expand the scope of potential reduced rates (including 5% for books and medicines; the distinction regarding newspapers was debated, considering whether they should fall under the same criteria or not). The estimated budgetary impact is approximately 400 million euros, and various options for financing were proposed, sparking a public discussion about improving consumer welfare and stimulating domestic consumption through cost reductions. The debate was shaped by perspectives from both the governing and opposition sides, concerning inflation, price increases, and limitations stemming from European Union tax rate directives.

Negotiations on the third reading of bill 385 regarding the amendment of the Foreign Relations Act initiated by the Government of the Republic and the amendments to related laws. The central question of the bill represents the limitation of the Riigikogu’s competence in initiating the denunciation of international treaties, which has sparked a broad discussion on democratic control and the state’s sovereignty. The Isamaa faction and other colleagues emphasized that the Riigikogu must remain solely competent to initiate the denunciation or termination of treaties, and the legal grounds from the Constitution and the Foreign Relations Act require critical attention. In the final vote, the bill received a green light: 70 votes in favor and 1 against, therefore bill 385 was adopted as law.

The third reading concerns the bill to amend the hospital care act, initiated by the Republic's Government. The bill originated in the Riigikogu and has undergone coordination rounds in collaboration with the Ministry of Social Affairs and substantive discussions within the social affairs committee. Although the final solution was not considered ideal, a compromise was found in the interests of patients and it was emphasized that Estonian universities, companies, and hospitals should be able to make innovative treatment options available at an accelerated pace. The interests of patients, as well as Estonian research, development and innovation activities, are at the core of the legislative amendment.

The draft resolution of the Riigikogu, number 575, concerns the Isamaa faction's proposal, which aims to compel the government to submit to the Riigikogu an action plan for the development of Estonia’s electricity generation capacities and electrical grids to ensure energy security. In the presentation, emphasis was placed on the fact that the plan must include clearly measurable objectives regarding both household consumers and investment market conditions, and must contain a mechanism for creating a strategic reserve for the electricity system, planning cross-border connections, and ensuring grid adequacy and reliability. Additionally, the need was raised for an analysis of storage and consumption management, financing, and amendments to national and European Union legislation. During the debate, it was criticized that the current ENMAK 2035 and 100% renewable energy target for 2030 is unrealistic and that there is a lack of a clear and socially acceptable vision for the future of energy. The draft promotes a rapid, realistic and competitive plan for the sustainable functioning of Estonia’s energy system.

The questions raised during the negotiations included the distribution of funds, the balance of investments, and joint development among the Baltic states to avoid a deepening of grid deficiencies and energy costs. The discussion also considered the role of the state in the timeliness of decisions and the need for consensus, including discussions about public trust and democratic procedures. Ultimately, it was concluded that the planned decision depends on the cooperation of a member of the Riigikogu and the coalition, and the decision made regarding the final fate of the draft was not favorable to the coalition, and the draft was rejected.

The Riigikogu discussed the draft law amending the Tobacco Act, initiated by the Republic's Government, on agenda item number four, for the second reading. The draft aims to adopt the European Commission's delegated directive and, with it, eliminate exemptions for flavored heated tobacco products and packaging labeling throughout the European Union, in order to reduce attractiveness to young people and harmonize the rules applicable within the Union. The initial reading took place in September 2023, and the specific procedure has lasted for two years, involving numerous amendments (submitted by EKRE, Eesti 200, and the social affairs committee), consultations with interest groups, and the review of protocols. During the discussion, topics included reducing youth consumption, the role of the illegal market, and the need to modernize the regulation of tobacco products throughout the Union to maintain equal conditions and improve prevention. Ultimately, it was decided to conclude the second reading and to move the draft forward to the third reading, along with additional procedural steps and a timeline, based on decisions and proposals from various factions.

Within the framework of agenda item five, the draft law amending the Aliens Act, the Administrative Procedure Act, and the State Duty Act (challenging visa decisions) 603 was considered in its first reading. The draft law aims to guarantee an alien the right to challenge a negative visa decision or a residence permit decision in administrative court after a complaint procedure, and to align Estonian law with the Constitution, EU law, and case law. As background, reference was made to the European Court of Justice’s 2017 judgment and the subsequent infringement proceedings, as a result of which the right to challenge decisions has been demonstrated. The Constitutional Review College of the Supreme Court also emphasized the need to improve such a right of appeal. The draft law provides for changes in procedural arrangements and state duties and entails the following changes: a one-stage review of complaints, an increased state duty for complaints at the first instance, and clear guidelines for administrative courts and state agencies regarding court assistance and the organization of proceedings.

The Isamaa faction initiated draft law 582 on the property tax law primarily focused on criticism and debate regarding whether and how local governments' tax benefits and the 10% minimum property tax increase are reasonable and fair. The draft law aimed to restore the 2024 redaction and eliminate the “cuts” where a new amendment could lead to significantly larger tax changes for both local governments and homeowners. During the debate, the broader question arose: does the state trust local governments, and does the law provide clear-cut boundaries for exemptions and taxation, and how an explanatory note might influence “cuts” and interpretation. Key concerns expressed by speakers were whether the 10% minimum increase is guaranteed if local governments fail to make decisions, what guarantees equality of treatment, and what burden of economic costs might fall on property owners in both extraordinary and ordinary circumstances. The discussions revealed a deep confusion among both ministers and officials regarding the interpretation of the law, raising the question of whether the state or a local government is best suited to distribute resources among the population. Another part of the debate focused on the limited cooperation between parliament and the government, and whether the rush and changes made in the current situation were consistent with the principles of the rule of law. The formation of property tax revenue projections and the anticipated impact of exemptions for specific target groups were also critically examined. Ultimately, the conclusion was reached that the draft law is not suitable for consideration in its current form and should be rejected to maintain the balance of interests of local governments and homeowners and to prevent the rapid imposition of unreasonable burdens.

The draft law amending the Energy Sector Organisation Act, initiated by the Isamaa faction, was discussed at first reading. The draft’s focus was the suitability of the current 100% renewable energy target within Estonia’s energy policy and its feasibility by 2030. Isamaa's wish was to reduce the scope of this target, proposing a reduction in the share of renewable energy to 42% of total final consumption, at least 40% of final electricity consumption, and at least 63% of final heat consumption, as well as a minimum share of 14% of renewable energy in the transport sector. The debate was introduced by a previous amendment, adopted in 2022, which considered the 100% renewable energy share and highlighted the complexities and economic costs of its implementation. Another challenge was maintaining European Union law and industrial competitiveness, as well as ensuring the financial viability of energy sector development and network upgrades and a balanced organization of the development of production capacity.

The discussion presented revolves around issues of social justice and the area prompted by a reported case of mistreatment allegedly committed by Tabasalu Pihlakodu. Helle-Moonika Helme raised the question, criticizing the communication between the courts and the prosecution, and calling for accountability and punishment for those who commit crimes. The debate showed a strong opposition between the government and the opposition, while simultaneously raising broader social questions, such as concerns about the quality of care, the state's ability to ensure the safety of the elderly, and the protection of the prosecution's independence.

In addition to this, the issues of social justice and the demographic situation in a democratic state were discussed: support for large families, economic security, and the state’s own connections to defense investments and tax policy. Speakers emphasized that the coalition is currently negotiating and that a clear program is needed to increase the well-being of large families and the general population, while the topic highlighted tensions regarding the distribution of resources among different groups in society. In conclusion, several important questions emerged regarding policies of accountability, security, and social justice, but no decisions were made during this discussion.

Member of the Riigikogu Lauri Laats posed a question to the Minister of Energy and Environment Andres Sutt regarding the need to increase grid capacity for connection, focusing on the problems of green energy volatility and battery storage. Laats highlighted that the government’s green target (to produce as much green energy as is consumed by 2030) is hampered by insufficient grid capacity, particularly on the consumption side, which makes battery bank investments economically unreasonable. He drew attention to a market anomaly where Estonia currently produces significantly more green energy than it consumes, selling it cheaply to its neighbors, which does not bring sufficient revenue to the economy. Laats also asked whether the projected electricity end price of €150 per MWh for 2035 is competitive for Estonia’s economic environment.

Minister Sutt acknowledged that grid capacity is the primary bottleneck, stemming from the grid's outdated structure (centralized production, distributed consumption). He referred to bill 556, currently being debated in the Riigikogu in its second reading, which should harmonize and clarify grid charges for those connecting to Elering's core grid. Sutt also mentioned initiating a study with the Competition Authority regarding Elektrilevi's distribution grid to plan necessary investments. Regarding the price forecast, the Minister explained that €150/MWh is the end price for the consumer, including all fees and taxes, and emphasized that without renewable energy investments, the price would be even higher. Finally, Sutt stressed the importance of developing connections (such as the fourth connection to Latvia) and long-term power purchase agreements (PPAs) to stabilize the market and mitigate risks.

The first paragraph: Today's third question before the Riigikogu was directed at Prime Minister Kalle Jaanson and concerned the material for the Riigikogu Budgetary Control Committee’s discussion on Monday’s price increases. The discussion utilized Eurostat’s comparative data on price increases, the Institute for Economic Research's latest barometer, and the March Eurobarometer, and additionally examined Isamaa’s proposals from the past month to alleviate inflation – including possibilities to reduce government spending and abandon increases in indirect taxes (gas, gasoline, electricity, and diesel excise tax and VAT) in the coming months. The aim was to assess the government's policy regarding price increases and the decline in purchasing power, and to find possible relief measures.

Paragraph 2: The discussion focused on the handling of inflation policy and, based on a wealth of source material – both the Bank of Estonia’s forecasts, European Union data, and comparisons with the Baltic states – featured extensive explanations and conclusions. Participants highlighted that inflation in Estonia is largely linked to wage growth and global commodity prices, and that tax increases and previous promises regarding indirect taxes have been a topic of discussion. In addition, the question was raised as to why Latvia and Lithuania's inflation forecasts are significantly lower than Estonia’s within the Baltics, and why there are large differences in price increases between the Baltic states. Isamaa’s proposals to alleviate inflation, which include relaxing tax increases and reducing costs, were also central to the discussion.

The fourth agenda item contained a broad discussion on the coping mechanisms of Estonian people. The main focus was on the balance between flexibility and social guarantees in the labour market, including the possibility that an employer could make one-sided decisions about salary amounts on a monthly or weekly basis. This raised questions about security in the food trade, repayment of loans, and the inclusion of activities related to child labour. In addition, the topic of the cost of lifelong learning and a second higher education was considered; it was discussed how the financing of education and the continuation of learning affect people with different incomes and regions. The government’s address was supported by topics related to the promotion of a science-based economy and economic growth, while criticism was raised regarding the legal and economic balance.

Today, the fifth question was addressed to the Minister of Education and Research, Kristina Kallas. The questioner was Member of the Riigikogu Vadim Belobrovtsev, and the topic was compulsory payments to municipalities, focusing on the legal basis of the matter, the understanding derived from the law, and the overall situation regarding the qualifications of teachers. The issue of legal challenges and oversight was raised using the example of Järva municipality, where compulsory payments were first implemented, and where the question arises as to how to resolve this widely prevalent problem in municipalities and where to find qualified teachers. In addition, a broader context was touched upon regarding the fulfillment of teacher qualification requirements, ensuring the quality of education, and the ministry's role in that process. This was followed by a longer discussion placed on the agenda concerning the importance of teacher recruitment and career models, which should improve the acquisition of teacher qualifications and the impact of salaries on continued employment.

The sixth question directed to Member of the Riigikogu Riina Solman was addressed to Prime Minister Kaja Kallas and focused on poverty and related measures. The discussion highlighted how Estonia has measured poverty and what social and economic policy steps have been planned or implemented to improve family well-being and reduce regional marginalization. In addition, historical measures – for example, support for large families and the interaction of special measures enacted during the coronavirus crisis – were examined, and the impact of decisions influencing tax and tax behavior on poverty alleviation and decisions regarding natural childbearing was discussed.

Parallel to the discussion’s direction, attention was drawn to the state’s strategic pathways: tax system reforms that increase people's disposable income from available funds, and increasing the investment capacity of companies to develop higher value-added industries. The Prime Minister emphasized that economic growth and increased employment are tools that create better conditions for reducing poverty throughout Estonia, including in marginal areas. She also noted that certain previous steps were necessary at a critical time, but in the future, other, more socially equitable solutions should be continued and some of the older tax models that diminished people's incomes should be discontinued.

The seventh question addressed the position of Minister of Energy and Environment Andres Sutt regarding the conditions for alienation of land to the state when establishing protected areas. The Riigikogu posed a critical question and expressed concern that through updated measures, the state might reduce or completely forgo compensation for the decrease in value of real estate, which has generated significant public attention and debate about fairness. Observations presented to parliament and media publications were central, and the discussion focused on the balance between the interests of the state and the rights of landowners.

In the second part, the minister clarified the approach and referred to practices where the state may sell protected land if the restriction on usage is significantly limiting. He emphasized that the buyer must notarially clarify whether there are restrictions on the property and that the compensation procedure will change, but the existing principle does not support the purchase of land if a nature conservation restriction is known in the end. In addition, exceptions relating to situations where the conservation order later becomes stricter were considered, and it was explained how land and forest values together form the compensation. The minister provided numerical examples and data and confirmed that previous statements remain valid and the new procedure will only be implemented after a legislative amendment. At the conclusion of the speech, the need to continue the discussion in the committee and to maintain the balance stipulated in the coalition agreement (30% of protected area in mainland and 70% in forest land) was emphasized.

Eight questions address the shortage of teachers and perspectives on the next generation within the Estonian education system. The questioner is Member of the Riigikogu Vladimir Arhipov, who poses a question to Minister Kristina Kallaste regarding how to ensure the quality of teachers and the long-term viability of schools in relation to language requirements, and what solutions are envisioned to fill future teacher vacancies. A key topic is the impact of language requirements on teachers – both the replacement of experienced teachers and the involvement of new employees; the role and temporary special handling of qualification requirements for assistant teachers are also under discussion. In addition, teacher salaries and the salary fund are being discussed, which are critically important from the perspective of the next generation and teacher motivation related to their work.

Today's session addressed the Defence Ministry's structural reform and the filling of related positions, including the merging of the Deputy Secretaries for Defence Planning and Defence Readiness, and the creation of the Deputy Secretary for Defence Capability position. Additionally, the Riigikogu raised the issue of the importance of experience and knowledge in the state defence sector, and the suitability of the public service commission's formed competition in relation to the presented criteria, according to which the candidate was required to have critical experience in understanding both state defence and international security organizations.

The selection of Siim Sukles as the candidate presented by the commission sparked widespread discussion and criticism, as he did not possess the critical experience and knowledge described in the competition announcement in line with the expected profile. The Prime Minister explained that an assessment must first take place by the ministries and senior civil servants commission, and that relevant evidence and notes are ready to be clarified and, if necessary, discussed with the Defence Minister and the State Secretary. The discussion raised an additional question about the commission's independence and adherence to the conditions, and proposals were made to consider a possible revision or reorganization of the commission's composition.

The first agenda item concerned the Minister of Justice and Digital Transformation's presentation for 2025 regarding the implementation of the state's long-term development strategy, Estonia 2035. The presentation centered on ensuring the state's security and the functioning of the rule of law in crises, preparedness for crises, and the preservation of critical service continuity, in which judicial reform and the digitization of court proceedings play a central role. Emphasis was also placed on the use of artificial intelligence and data to improve the efficiency of public administration, to enhance accessibility to services for the population, and to achieve a more effective, transparent, and cybersecure governance as part of the Estonia 2035 objectives.

The second item on the agenda concerned the first reading of the draft law amending the Public Transport Act, initiated by Member of the Riigikogu Kalle Grünthal, number 578. The draft law aimed to align the content and classification sections of the Public Transport Act with the requirements of the Constitution, particularly regarding the regulation of services and balancing the responsibility of taxi drivers and platforms (e.g., Bolt). During the discussion, issues of language proficiency requirements, control, and unequal treatment were highlighted, along with the question of whether a service expressed as an information society service complies with the wording of the law. Supervision and enforcement issues were also raised, and ultimately, the consensus was reached that the problems must be addressed primarily through supervision methods, and broader considerations of consumer safety and consensus did not favor adopting the law. Diverse opinions were voiced in the parliamentary hall regarding the balancing of taxi and ride-sharing services and the application of language law requirements. The Economic Affairs Committee decided on the directions for handling the draft law within the initial procedure and, ultimately, supported terminating the draft law's procedure as a proposal. Following a contentious discussion, the final decision was made to reject the first reading. The session concluded with an official announcement that draft law 578 has been rejected and falls out of the procedure.

The first agenda item involved a discussion of the inquiry submitted by members of the Riigikogu, Urmas Reinsalu, Riina Solman, and Priit Sibula, concerning the energy sector. The inquiry addressed a collection of questions presented on February 27th, relating to the state support of 2.6 billion euros for the offshore wind farm project, questions of public interest and transparency, the bases for the analysis, and the project’s potential consequences for energy security and consumer prices. The inquirers seek precise answers regarding the initial parameters, what data and calculations underpinned the agreement, and whether and how the project will proceed. Within this context, questions arose concerning the justification, timing, and transparency of decisions underlying the program, and an explanation is expected regarding when and how the government plans to coordinate and control energy policy and investments in the future.

In the second part, Prime Minister Kaja Kallas introduced the new coalition’s direction for energy policy: initiating a special plan for a nuclear power plant, a limited tender for onshore wind farms, and strengthening regulation and storage development; in addition, the need to improve electricity interconnections and connectivity was emphasized. The potential impact of the European Union’s Clean Industry Act and the use of European Investment Bank guarantees for the secure further development of future investors were also mentioned. The goals are energy security, reliability of supply, and the competitiveness of the economy, but the discussion revealed differing viewpoints and underscored the need to shape a clearer and more transparent framework for future decisions and ensure the protection of consumer interests.

The debate on the Prime Minister's continued term in office took place in the Riigikogu (Parliament) on March 17, 2025. The first item on the agenda was a question directed to the Prime Minister, submitted by members of the Riigikogu Lauri Laats, Aleksandr Tšaplõgin, Andrei Korobeinik, Vladimir Arhipov, and Vadim Belobrovtsev, regarding the Prime Minister’s continued term, to be presented at the speaker's podium of the Riigikogu. The debate touched on the nature and necessity of the Prime Minister’s mandate and the request for a new one, as well as discussions on the coalition's abortion and reform policies. Central to the questioning were issues of legitimacy and the mandate, the effects of coalition breakdown, the tax policy and plan to revitalize the economy, and the financing of defense and security policy. A second major topic was the impact of changes to the tax system, including the elimination of corporate income tax on profits and the elimination of income tax from the first euro, along with the 700 euro income tax-free minimum, discussed alongside reductions in bureaucracy and decisions regarding the state budget. A recurring theme throughout the debate was the question of whether the government enjoys the trust of the nation and is competent to make further changes without a new mandate, and how this relates to security and economic growth.

The third inquiry addressed Estonia’s energy supply reliability and its future. The authors of the questions were Mart Maastik, Riina Solman, and Helir-Valdor Seeder (no. 717, February 10, 2025). The main topic of the inquiry was why the energy development plan is not ready and what impact decisions have on the choice of energy sources, investments, and European Union funding. The content of the inquiry highlighted the critical need for a clear objective and noted that several decisions – including the continued subsidization of offshore wind farms – have been paused in recent history, creating uncertainty among entrepreneurs and investors. In the speeches, it was emphasized that energy security largely depends on controlled capacities and a national plan, not only on renewable sources, and the role of connections with the Baltic states and Finland was highlighted. Following the second part, the Minister of Energy and Environment, Andres Sutt, answered six questions and provided detailed economic and technical context, including numerical examples and forecasts.

The representative agenda item number four addressed the development of offshore wind farms in Estonia, covering the topics of slamming and subsidies. The speakers were members of the Riigikogu (Parliament), Lauri Laats, Vladimir Arhipov, and Aleksei Jevgrafov, who presented inquiry number 722 regarding offshore wind farms on February 20, 2025, and requested responses to all considerations relating to subsidies and decisions. While the coalition and government emphasized the plans for both offshore and onshore wind farms, and the size of the state guarantee, it was critically highlighted that information regarding state subsidies could be made public, but electricity subsidy data remained classified. Minister of Energy and Environment Andres Sutt responded to the inquiry, and several observations related to the involvement of the third sector and communities were also presented.

The presented inquiry examines the impact of the explosively grown cormorant population on Estonian nature and fish stocks, along with the related economic and environmental issues. Eight questions were submitted on behalf of the questioners (Martin Helme, Rene Koka, Evelin Poolametsa, Arvo Aller, Kert Kingo, Varro Vooglaid, Anti Poolametsa, Mart Helme and Helle-Moonika Helme), aiming to obtain a clearer overview of the need for population control, possible measures, and their impact on the fishing sector and the ecosystem. A significant focus is on further investigation of feeding habits, as well as various control and mitigation measures: egg oiling, autumn hunting, lethal deterrence, and consideration of exceptional tools, and the influence of cormorants’ natural enemies.

Furthermore, questions were raised about which areas are experiencing the greatest damage, what measures have already been implemented, and what the expected results are. The guiding principle emphasizes cooperation with interest groups and research institutions (e.g., University of Tartu and Estonian Marine Institute), as well as incorporating various European instruments to finance cormorant control. Overall, the agenda item reflects, in addition to the technical aspect, a political and economic balancing act between nature conservation, the interests of fisheries, and environmental impacts.

The general introduction to the agenda addressed the Chancellor of Justice’s proposal to bring the motor vehicle tax law and the traffic law into conformity with the constitution. Ülle Madise emphasized that the tax system must not confiscate property or burden the owner regardless of their wishes or the use of the property. The presentation described the two parts of the car tax – registration and annual tax – and highlighted problems: if a vehicle is destroyed at the beginning of the year, the tax must be paid for the entire year, and the registration fee is not refunded in the event of the destruction of the property; potential freedoms could ultimately lead to taxation being quite burdensome on property that actually no longer exists. The Riigikogu has a broad scope for decision-making, but it must be used responsibly, taking into account property rights, the rights of families with children, the rights of people with disabilities, and other constitutional provisions. Lima’s notes and exceptions for families with children and people with disabilities would remain a possibility; in conclusion, it was made clear that the decision rests with the members of the Riigikogu, and ultimately depends on further legislation. The session concluded with a decision to bring the proposal into conformity with the constitution and to initiate a corresponding bill in the finance committee.

The agenda includes the first reading of the draft motor vehicle tax law 592. The draft was initiated by the Conservative People's Party of Estonia (EKRE) faction, and now it has been brought back for discussion with various viewpoints: the opposition (EKRE, Isamaa, and Centre Party) emphasized the need to declare the law invalid, and constitutional criticisms were raised, also relating to the occupation period; the coalition, along with the Reform Party and Estonia 200, considered the main objections to be partially related to the set limits and tax implications, but the ensuing discussions showed that the Parliamentary Ombudsman has identified constitutional issues. The agenda continued yesterday's unfinished discussion, and there are plans to have the initiator’s representative, Rene Kokal, respond to questions from the Riigikogu rostrum.

The Riigikogu debated the first reading of Bill 566, a draft act amending the Income Tax Act initiated by the faction of the Estonian Conservative People's Party (EKRE), which is also known as the banking tax bill. Rapporteur Rain Epler (EKRE) explained that the bill's objective was not to tax banks retrospectively, but rather to establish a framework that would prevent credit institutions from earning extraordinary profits during future interest rate rally periods by passing the interest rate hike solely onto borrowers while excluding depositors. Epler emphasized that such activity constitutes "predatory capitalism" and highlighted Lithuania as a positive example, noting that a similar measure there had generated significant revenue for the state treasury.

Aivar Sõerd (Reform Party), representing the leading body, the Finance Committee, presented the committee's proposal to reject the bill. Sõerd pointed out that the government does not support the bill, arguing that interest rates are already on a downward trend, which makes the bill's primary goal (budgetary revenue collection) unlikely. He also stressed that the Estonian banking sector already pays advance income tax (18%) and final income tax (22% upon dividend distribution), which is higher than the rest of the business sector. Furthermore, a legal issue was raised in the committee: the three-year profit comparison base used for taxation might violate the constitution due to retroactive taxation. The opposition sharply criticized the coalition's refusal to tax the banking sector's extraordinary profits, viewing it as favoring bankers over the common people. Following the vote, the bill was rejected.

For the third reading, the draft law amending the Law on Churches and Congregations, initiated by the Republic's Government, was considered 570. The core idea was to strengthen the independence of Estonian churches and reduce the political influence of foreign countries, focusing particularly on severing the canonical ties between the Moscow Patriarchate and Estonian churches. At the same time, questions were raised regarding the limits of religious freedom, and discussion arose as to whether and to what extent national security concerns may permit state intervention in religious organizations. The debate reflected a tight political knot before a remarkable decision – whether the priority lies in greater security or greater protection of religious freedom.

The agenda for the third reading includes draft law no. 565, amending the Defence Forces Order Act and the Economic Zone Act (strengthening maritime security), initiated by the Government of the Republic of Estonia. The draft law’s purpose is to modernize the legal environment so that the Defence Forces have additional law enforcement and military rights applicable for the protection of vital national defense objects and infrastructure, and for ensuring maritime security. The focus of the reviews was the need to strengthen capabilities and legality, while emphasizing that the improvement does not completely eliminate the danger, but provides the state with better tools to reduce it and keep the risk under control. The discussion also highlighted the importance of international law and cooperation with allies, the possibility of expanding the adjacent zone area, and strengthening navigation results in the Gulf of Finland, if possible in accordance with the political and legal framework. The drafting and discussion of the draft law reflected a broad consensus effort to maintain a safe and functional maritime space and Estonia's long-term security bedrock. The second part of the discussion concerned funding and preparedness issues, emphasizing the need to coordinate the implementation of the law and increase the Navy's capabilities as needed and in cooperation with allies.

The fifth agenda item concerned the Riigikogu draft resolution submitted by the Conservative People's Party of Estonia, proposing to temporarily suspend the processing of all planning procedures related to wind farms until an updated methodology for infrasound measurements and the establishment of permissible sound pressure levels are in place. The purpose of the representative discussion was to highlight the need to regulate the infrasound and low-frequency noise generated by modern large-scale enterprises, and to ensure a national measurement and assessment framework capable of adequately evaluating plans and their impact on health. The representative board and Evelin Poolametsa's representation emphasized that current norms and methodologies do not reflect the current power and size of wind turbines and that there is a lack of a unified, science-based national framework.

During the debate, international and local examples of complaints were raised, demonstrating the need to update measurement capabilities, create an independent guideline for assessors, and improve practices concerning long-range and cumulative effects. Ultimately, the voting results led to the rejection of the draft: the majority of the Riigikogu composition decided not to adopt the draft, systematically marking “no” and demonstrating tension between government positions and the opposition as a whole.

Following is the consideration of agenda item six: the second reading of the draft law amending the Medicines Act (hospital exemption). This draft concerns the use of hospital exemptions – the use of medicines, as an exceptional remedy, in hospitals or in other exceptional circumstances, in addition to medicines that are normally sold under a sales license, for the treatment of a specific patient. The aim is to increase access to and flexibility in medicines, while maintaining safety and oversight. The draft provides for improvements to restrictions and control mechanisms to ensure that the hospital exemption does not become a widespread substitute for market remedies and to preserve patient rights and the quality of healthcare management.

The agenda item was the first reading of draft law 559 concerning Estonia’s accession to the statutes of the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), initiated by the Government of the Republic. Foreign Minister Margus Tsahkna introduced the draft, emphasizing that IDEA is an important intergovernmental organization dedicated to promoting democracy, human rights, and fair elections. The Minister highlighted that Estonia’s accession (with an annual membership fee of 70,000 euros) will contribute to Estonia’s positive image and provides Estonia with an opportunity to share its e-election experience. IDEA’s active involvement in preparing elections in Ukraine was also mentioned. Ester Karuse presented the report from the Foreign Affairs Committee.

In the discussions, the Conservative People’s Party of Estonia faction (Peeter Ernits and Varro Vooglaid) sharply criticized the necessity of accession, considering IDEA to be a pointless organization and a waste of membership fee money. Varro Vooglaid questioned the transparency of the organization's funding and, on behalf of the faction, proposed rejecting the draft law in the first reading. The proposal did not garner support in the vote, and therefore the first reading was concluded.

The eighth item on the agenda was the first reading of draft law 572, amending the Identity Documents Act, and amending other acts related to it, initiated by the Republic's Government. The draft’s focus is to enhance the security of identities, mitigate security risks, and reduce bureaucracy, while taking into account rapid technological development and international standards. Significant changes include the possibility of identity verification via mobile phone through a data gateway, establishing a list of restrictions for e-residency, harmonizing the processing of data and registers with the General Data Protection Regulation, and ending the suspension and restoration of certificates, which will lead to individuals having to apply for an ID card with new certificates.

Another important part concerned restrictions on e-residency, under which a regulation will be created to form a list of countries where there is a higher risk of money laundering or terrorism financing, or with which Estonia lacks law enforcement cooperation. The list will take effect with regulations, and the issuance of e-resident digital IDs/processing of data will follow common standards. In addition, several technical and legal changes, carried out in cooperation between the Riigikogu members and ministries, were discussed, such as the introduction of DNA expertise when applying for a document for the first time, specifying the maximum retention periods for datasets, and ending the suspension of certificates for security considerations. Overall, the draft is aimed at higher security, better risk management, and user convenience, but it also involves a significant impact on the handling of personal data and the level of international cooperation.

The session focused on the draft law amending the Employment Contracts Act, which would grant employers unprecedented authority to determine an employee's salary and working hours. The draft includes agreements on flexible working hours and preserves social guarantees (e.g., health insurance, vacation). The minimum working time would be 10 hours per week, but in the future, the employer will not be required to offer 40 hours of work. This affects all people working under a standard employment contract (including doctors, drivers, service workers, and some police officers).

The discussion under the second question of the Riigikogu involved a broad debate on topics compiled under the “Varia” section. The main speakers were Helir-Valdor Seeder and Prime Minister Kristen Michal, whose speeches and responses addressed the government’s budget and tax policy and the impacts of energy policy on the economy and society at large. As the "Varia" section is formally established as an opportunity to present various, often disparate topics, this discussion often requires more precise boundaries and the finding of official answers, which the Prime Minister attempted to provide with explanations in order to obscure or reduce confusion regarding some plans.

The second part of the discussion focused specifically on economic policy and energy security: plans for tax changes, including the elimination of corporate income tax and the reduction of income tax from the first euro, the abolition of tax brackets, an increase to a 700-euro tax-free minimum by 2026, and an increase in defense spending to at least 5% of GDP. In addition, cross-border cooperation and energy policy were touched upon, including the planning of wind farms between Latvia and Estonia, and the issues of local government and resident involvement in cross-border project discussions. Finally, comments were made regarding the paid sector of vocational education, and no specific decisions were made, but the discussion continues and the topics require more detailed clarification of cooperation between the government and the Riigikogu.

The first part of the information session focused on the topics of Enefit Green being taken into state ownership and the background of previous privatization decisions. Member of the Riigikogu Anastassia Kovalenko-Kõlvart asked questions regarding the risks and rewards following the acquisition of Enefit Green and the listing of a majority stake of Eesti Energia on the stock exchange, referencing the privatizations carried out under the leadership of the Reform Party and the planned 49% listing. The latest expectation was that the government would make a decision regarding the takeover and that the takeover offer to shareholders would entail significant expenses – estimated at approximately 68 million euros. The discussion revealed different perspectives and criticism regarding the thoughtfulness, risks, and transparency of previous decisions.

The focus of a discussion session revolved around the allocation of a 100 million euro aid package to Estonian defense industry companies under the banner of assisting Ukraine. Varro Vooglaid posed a critical clarifying question regarding transparency and the destinations of the donated funds, explaining why an open overview of specific companies and transactions is important for taxpayers. This was followed by a response from Defense Minister Hanno Pevkur, who highlighted the escalation of the Ukrainian crisis and the critical need for continued military support from European allies. However, several details concerning the content of the contracts and the exact amounts of the transactions were kept from the public, which prompted further questions.

The second part focused on an increasingly specific topic: when and how the 100 million euros will be distributed and what products and services are intended for Ukraine. The minister briefly explained the process: the conduct of a competition and mini-competitions, 85 qualified companies, and the product groups to be provided to Ukraine – drones, unmanned vehicles, ships, as well as medical equipment and services. She also emphasized the importance of conducting a transparent selection and adhering to decisions made sovereignly by the state, but noted that some details, such as the names of specific companies and contractual sums, will remain in client and contractual documents. Ultimately, after verification of the product categories, it should be possible to discuss specific suppliers and contracts for Ukraine.

Today's discussion concerned the Tallinn Hospital project and healthcare funding. The issue was raised by Riigikogu member Tanel Kiik, and the focus was on the idea of merging Tallinn hospitals – the creation of a unified Tallinn Hospital complex with two medical campuses in Mustamäe and Lasnamäe, which would incorporate Ka PERH’s existing infrastructure and create a coordinated, effective healthcare system. Discussion centered on funding for the city and the state's role in organizing healthcare, which is legally the state’s competence. It was also emphasized that the goal is not simply a structural upheaval, but to improve the quality of services and resource utilization, for which thorough planning and clear division of roles are needed.

The second part addressed questions of funding and sustainability: the government is planning rapid decisions, and working groups are discussing the distribution of services, funding, and cooperation involving the private sector. The projected cost of the project is approximately 850 million euros, and it needs to be clarified whether the state and the city can jointly finance it, and how to organize the distribution of space and services. The discussion emphasized that before urgently addressing real estate and economic issues, it is necessary to define precisely who will do what, what the purpose of the services is, and what role the state and local government will play.

Today's sixth question addressed the development of a defense industrial park in Estonia. Member of the Riigikogu, Andres Metsoja, turned to the Minister of Defence, Hanno Pevkur, to obtain more detailed information about two potential locations – the Ermistu area in Pärnumaa and North-Kiviõli – especially considering the concerns of local residents and the rapid planning process. Metsoja wanted to know exactly what the 50 million euro state investment would look like, who would manage the park, how industrial companies would be selected, and what the timeline for the planning process would be. He also highlighted the question of land ownership (whether it involves private properties) and infrastructure development.

Minister Pevkur confirmed that this is a very necessary initiative that will benefit both Pärnumaa and the entire Estonian economy and security. He explained that as a result of the state detailed plan, the Ermistu area in Pärnumaa has been preferred as the first location. The state will primarily invest in infrastructure (communications, roads, fencing). Pevkur noted that the 200-hectare area is entirely state-owned land and does not affect private property. The planning process should be completed by August, after which construction of the infrastructure can begin. Companies (primarily missile and munition manufacturers) have until the end of May to submit bids. The Minister confirmed that although the area is large due to hazard zones, only the actual industrial area will be fenced. He also promised that the possibilities for improving infrastructure will be discussed with local residents in order to support the local community.

The present seventh question addressed Estonian finances as a topic guiding the cooperation between the government and the Riigikogu. The questioner, Riigikogu member Aleksandr Tšaplõgin, asked how much and how Estonian economy is guided, and what external influences affect its behaviour and policy. The central legal and economic discussion included, for example, the state budget, tax policy, and the functioning of a market economy, as well as the role of energy and renewable energy subsidies and the direction of expenditures towards various interest groups. Questions arose concerning the connection between the role of the finance minister and broader financial management with the external environment, including the energy crisis and geopolitical changes.

In the second part, specific nuances and subtleties were examined: it was emphasized that terms and contexts used in a single phrase can be interpreted differently, and that it cannot be clearly stated that Estonian financial management is "in Putin's hands," but that external factors strongly influence the budget and tax policy. Topics brought up in the discussion included wind farm support mechanisms, the effectiveness of a market economy, and the responsibility of the state and consumers in shaping energy prices. Overall, the agenda focused on a discussion of business matters, on the one hand, and on clarifying different viewpoints and contexts on the other, without the direct intention of making decisions, and the questioning was concluded politely with a note of its termination.

The presentation addressed relations between the United States and Estonia and raised concerns regarding commentary on the state of American democracy. Member of the Riigikogu Anti Poolamets asked Finance Minister Jürgen Ligi whether the minister’s statements about the United States and the alleged democratic connection to Putin—as purportedly exists in the cooperation between Trump and Putin regarding Ukraine—could damage Estonia’s allied relationships. The speaker emphasized that weakening relationships with an ally is unacceptable for our strategic position and what that could mean in a state defense and foreign policy context.

The second part of the discussion broadened to cover the themes of democracy and economic relations: the impacts of US tariffs and trade policy were discussed, as was how criticism and the expression of opinions function in international relations. The discussion highlighted that relationships with allies require careful and context-specific handling, and that when understanding how democracy functions, it is necessary to distinguish between different institutions, stakeholders, and their roles. Furthermore, questions were raised concerning the behavior of the Finnish President Stubb and NATO chief Mark Rutte during the Trump era, and how such relationships and rhetoric affect Estonia’s proposed political approach.

The draft law amending the Securities Market Act, and other related laws, initiated by the Government of the Republic, was presented to the Riigikogu for its first reading. The draft law incorporates a European Union directive aimed at promoting gender balance in the management bodies of listed companies. The directive is temporary and is valid until the end of 2038. Based on length and criteria of foreign jurisdiction, the draft law covers the largest listed companies and sets two possible target options for general meeting elections: at least 40% of management board members of underrepresented gender or at least 33% of management and supervisory board members of underrepresented gender. If a company does not achieve the set targets, transparent selection criteria must be implemented and a comparative assessment of the candidate must be provided, but sanctions are not stipulated for failing to achieve these targets. The debate on the draft law brought out, in addition to technical and legal nuances, broader questions regarding gender balance and the role model of state governance, and involved several members of the Riigikogu from different parties.

The debate focused strongly on whether and how balancing options should be reflected in management bodies and what impact is associated with the state and the private sector. Parties shed light on the balance between the pragmatism of transferring the directive's objectives, as well as cultural and economic aspects. Ultimately, it was agreed that the first reading would be concluded and the next steps in the procedure, including the deadline for submitting amendments, have been defined.

The topic concerns the first reading of bill 571, which seeks to declare the Motor Vehicle Tax Act invalid, initiated by the Isamaa faction. The presenter was Member of the Riigikogu Aivar Kokk. The purpose of the bill is to declare the car tax invalid retroactively from January 1st of this year. The discussion centered on the tax system’s burden and the taxes implemented by the government, including the existing motor vehicle tax and fuel excise tax, and their impact on citizens, especially families with children and residents of rural areas. According to the argument, the car tax is unfair and its impact extends to businesses under conditions of the economic crisis. During the discussion, the need for cost-cutting, reducing bureaucracy, and revitalizing the economy was highlighted. In addition, budget surpluses and various investment needs that may be associated with transition money were discussed, and it was noted that the involved funding sources may not be suitable. In conclusion, the discussion involved critical viewpoints from various factions, but the final word is: bill 571 was rejected in the first reading.

The first reading discussed draft law 592 (first reading), initiated by the EKRE fraction, to declare the motor vehicle tax law invalid. The presenter was Rene Kokk, and his speech contained strong criticism of the government's tax structure and the car tax, specifically the claim that the tax disproportionately burdens people with lower incomes and residents of rural areas, and that the law apparently does not correspond to the actual functioning of the economy and the interests of society. It was noted that the original ideology of the "environmental tax" has been changed, and the actual impact on people and entrepreneurs has been the opposite of what was expected – a rise in the age of cars and an increased burden on older people and large families has resulted from this.

The second paragraph highlighted numerous examples and legislative and budgetary problems: allegedly, there is a lack of financial clarity and transparency in the state, and the ways in which funds are allocated and used have been criticized, leading to a risk of a grey zone and the emergence of schemes. The discussion reflected widespread discontent with financial policy, including claims that money remains unused or moves around inefficiently, and that the direct objectives of the environmental tax do not align with the actual social and economic interests. Ultimately, the impression was that the session and discussion focused on the criticism of the bill’s effects and legal certainty, and in several passages, the need to declare the tax invalid and to halt proceedings related to it was emphasized, including questions regarding the refund of already paid sums.