Plenary Sessions

The Riigikogu debated the first reading of bill 533 amending the Product Conformity Act. Minister of Economic Affairs and Industry Erkki Keldo presented the bill, which has two main objectives: to align the law with the European Union’s new general product safety regulation and to clarify the pricing of services provided by the Estonian Accreditation Centre. Changes in EU law are due to digitalisation and globalized supply chains, requiring the designation of a responsible person for products imported from third countries (outside the EU), who must be located within EU jurisdiction. This is an important step in controlling dangerous and non-conforming products entering the internal market via online commerce. The second change concerns the Estonian Accreditation Centre's transition to service-based pricing to ensure fairer cost recovery and avoid sharing costs among all clients. The debate focused on the legal responsibility of the responsible person and what happens to non-conforming goods seized by customs. The leading committee proposed concluding the first reading.

The second item on the agenda: the first reading of the draft law amending the State Government Act 523, initiated by the Riigikogu (Estonian Parliament) fraction of the Centre Party. The presenter was Member of the Riigikogu Lauri Laats. The purpose of the draft law is to increase the transparency of ministers’ representation expenses and to ensure the targeted nature of these expenditures by presenting supporting documents and explaining the content of the expenditures. A comparison was also raised between the expense allowances for Members of the Riigikogu and the government's representation expenses, and some other financial and budgetary considerations were discussed, including potential cuts and solidarity. The debate was broadly guided by the question of how the public can fairly understand for what purposes state money is being used.

Bill 505, third reading: Debate on the Act amending the State Government Act and related acts. Discussions focused on the impact of Estonian economic policy and taxes, as well as the structure of the state budget. The government’s tax changes were criticized, along with their impact on people's incomes, and major expenditure commitments, including the budget for defense-related special equipment. It was also noted that changes to bureaucracy and governance structures could increase administrative burden and affect the quality of decisions. In addition, the important role of regional policy was highlighted: ensuring the vitality and accessibility of services in rural areas and the importance of coordinating regional and agricultural policy.

The agenda included, as the second item, the third reading of the draft law amending the Public Transport Act, initiated by the Government of the Republic. After opening and closing discussions, the leading committee proposed holding the final vote on the draft. The Riigikogu began voting. As a result of the final vote, 75 members of the Riigikogu supported the adoption of the draft, 1 member voted against, and there were no abstentions. Draft 499 was adopted as a law.

The third agenda item concerned the third reading of the draft law amending the Alcohol, Tobacco, Fuel and Electricity Excise Tax Act and other laws, initiated by the Republic's Government. Aleksandr Tšaplõgin, on behalf of the Estonian Centre Party faction, delivered the opening speech and proposed opening negotiations. The draft law focused on updating taxes and excise duties with the aim of strengthening the state budget, but it sparked considerable debate between various political forces regarding the impact of taxation on consumers and businesses, and discussion of potential alternatives for increasing state revenue.

The Riigikogu discussed agenda item four – the draft security tax act initiated by the Government of the Republic, its third reading (512). The draft aims to establish a security tax until the end of 2028 to ensure additional funds for the development of Estonia’s defense capability and security investments. The Government emphasizes that Estonia’s security is primarily our own responsibility and that in the realities of the world, it is necessary to strengthen defense in the context of external, internal and military security, as well as supporting Ukraine. Defense budgets and funding for internal security have increased: the defense sector is a priority, and an additional €219 million has been allocated to internal security; a total of nearly €4 billion more has been planned for defense and internal security over five years, and the total volume of funding for defense capability from 2025–2028 is approximately €6.35 billion. In the third reading, the need for sustainable and balanced funding was emphasized, which includes both military capabilities and the strengthening of the population and cyber defense. Representatives of various political parties took the floor in the debate, expressing both strong support for security and concerns about the fairness of tax and expenditure distribution, pointing out that tax policy must take into account not only the state's revenue but also the well-being of the people and the competitiveness of businesses. The final vote on the draft resulted in the adoption of the law with 53 votes in favor, 27 against, and 0 abstentions.

The fifth agenda item concerned the 513rd third reading of the draft State Budget Act for 2025 initiated by the Government of the Republic. A presentation was given by the Chairman of the Riigikogu Finance Committee, Annely Akkermann; the discussion focused on the main financial data, the budget structure, and the financing of state security and social mechanisms. The budget revenues are €17.7 billion and the expenditures are €18.2 billion, investments grew by 9.4%, and the tax burden as a percentage of GDP is 35.8%. Economic growth is projected at a nominal 6–7% and, with the support of external funding and loans, the state plans to add significant resources for both the defense industry and infrastructure. Another important topic was the increase in the state's defense expenditure (9.3%), the needs of NATO and security prominents, and the corresponding tax and financial policy, including a plan to partially add security taxes. In addition, emphasis was placed on the continuation of aid to Ukraine and the overall growth of social expenditures (7.6%), which constitutes a significant portion of the state's expenditure distribution. Several amendments were submitted during the committee's work, including proposals from the Centre Party and Isamaa faction, but they were not adopted because they did not meet the formal requirements of the paragraph and the law. Finally, it was decided to put the draft to a final vote of the plenary session; before the vote, several substantive and procedural issues were discussed and a multi-part amendment was jointly prepared with clarification between the Ministry of Finance and the ministries. The final vote on the draft led to the adoption of the law.

Today, the Riigikogu discussed the draft Basic Education Act initiated by the Republic of Estonia for the 419th time, its third reading. The discussion primarily focused on how to better develop children with varying levels of linguistic preparedness in schools and kindergartens, and how to consider a child’s linguistic background and needs when forming groups. The Isamaa faction proposed amendments stating that a kindergarten director could form groups based on a child’s well-being and needs, including taking into account their level of Estonian language proficiency, and added the principle that children who speak Estonian as their native language should primarily be in Estonian-language groups. Questions also arose regarding the role and funding of local governments, and how the changes would affect the wider functioning of the education system and the attitudes of parents, teachers, and schools. The second part focused on the positions of various political parties, and ultimately, a final vote was reached, leading to the result of the law’s adoption.

The main topic of the presentation was the third reading in the Riigikogu of the draft law 427, initiated by the Government of the Republic, amending the Child Protection Act and other laws. The focus of the discussion was the draft law’s aim to clarify and strengthen child protection mechanisms, improve early detection, and increase cooperation between foster, guardianship, and adoptive families. We considered how to better coordinate the roles and responsibilities of local governments and the Social Insurance Board (SKA) so that children in need of assistance can receive necessary support in a timely manner and so that the system reduces duplication and burdens on various positions.

The second part of the discussion raised a strong emotional and political proposal, in which different parties presented critical and constructive viewpoints. One overarching concern was expressed that the amendments may create risk-based gaps and influence the balance between child safety and parental rights. Parties emphasized the need to precisely define which crimes and prohibitions will remain in force and how to ensure effective control upon implementation, while others found that the state’s obligation is to increase early intervention and strengthen support networks. The final vote on the draft law was held and it was adopted as a law.

The Riigikogu session's eighth agenda item concerns the third reading of draft law 430, amending the Waste Act and the Packaging Act, initiated by the Republic of Estonia's Government. The draft law aims to align Estonian legislation with the requirements of the European Union, establish measures to prevent the generation of waste and reduce the creation and handling of waste's negative impact on the environment. Although this is a technical law, its important role in environmental protection and Estonia’s movement toward sustainable development is emphasized. In addition, topics relating to the reduction and redistribution of food waste, the use of plastics, and possibilities for reducing environmental impact through subcontracting and consumption habits were discussed. The issue raises arguments as to why, alongside adopting existing EU solutions, we must also strengthen our own internal solutions, and how the state can promote a circular economy and sustainable consumption.

The Riigikogu discussed the draft public health act for its third reading. The draft’s purpose is to modernize and harmonize the legal basis of the sector, focusing on prevention, health protection, and the responsibility of stakeholders in the field. Different factions emphasized, above all, the quality and safety of health information, and adherence to evidence-based guidelines, including the fight against quackery and false health information. One keyword was the need to respond quickly to dangerous products and advertising, and to give the Health Board more effective powers. In addition, it was highlighted that the law must include clear preventive measures and increase health awareness at the level of kindergartens and schools. Another major topic covered current discussions on the impact of wind turbines on health (infrasound), the shifting coordination of gender self-determination regulation, and the prevention and control of false health information in the sector. Finally, a final vote was conducted, and the draft was adopted.

As agenda item number ten, the Riigikogu considered the third reading of the draft law amending the Prison Law and, in connection with it, amending other laws, initiated by the Government of the Republic. Following the opening and immediate closure of debate, and at the proposal of the leadership committee, the Riigikogu proceeded to the final vote on the draft law. The draft law was put to a vote by members of the Riigikogu.

As agenda item 11, the draft law amending the Customs Act 515 was under discussion for its third reading. After opening and quickly closing the debate, the assembly proceeded to the final vote on the draft law as proposed by the steering committee.

The draft law received broad support during the final vote and was adopted as a law. Fifty-four members of the Riigikogu voted in favor, fourteen members voted against, and no abstentions were registered. The chairperson noted that with the completion of this agenda item, it is brought in line with the third reading process.

The Riigikogu Legal Affairs Committee discussed the second reading of the draft law amending the Code of Civil Procedure and other laws (creation of collective representation proceedings) initiated by the Government of the Republic. The draft law aims to create a procedural basis for the submission of collective representation proceedings and thereby improve consumer protection; the directive on which this draft law is based emphasizes the formation of consumer associations and the collective protection of consumers throughout the European Union. The committee reviewed the draft law at several sessions (February 13, December 2, and December 9), and most of the proposed amendments came from the Ministry of Justice, the Financial Supervisory Authority, and the Notaries' Chamber, but the main focus remains on limits and the definition of those initiating the representation proceedings. The committee believes it is important to find a balance between stimulating consumer associations and the representational rights of state institutions, and among other things, confirmed that the Competition Authority, the Financial Supervisory Authority, and the Data Protection Inspectorate should remain representatives of Estonian consumers both substantively and cross-border. The second reading was concluded and the draft is being prepared for a third reading on the Riigikogu agenda for December 18; in addition, four proposed amendments were adopted unanimously and the rapporteur for the committee was designated as the presenter themselves.

The draft law amending the Accounting Act and, consequently, other laws, for the second reading was discussed within the first and only agenda item. The draft concerns changes to the rates of accounting and auditing obligations, with the aim of reducing the administrative burden on entrepreneurs and making auditing obligations more proportional, taking into account the actual indicators of current legislation and the economic situation. The Economic Committee prepared amendments that were primarily of a technical nature, aiming not to change the content significantly but to improve linguistic and technical accuracy. The views of interest groups (the Board of Auditors, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry) were included in the draft law’s process, and the Ministry of Finance represented the initiator’s position. Discussions with interest groups took place in a working group, and compromise solutions were developed, along with a need for future analysis, including an analysis of thresholds every two years.

The discussion mainly focused on what threshold (50% versus 25% and 20% in the future) would be sufficient and what impact it would have on the volume of auditing and the administrative burden on entrepreneurs. The Committee’s position was to emphasize the need for an analysis by the Ministry of Finance and to take into account the figures for 2023 and near-term forecasts to avoid sudden and excessively burdensome changes for the market. Ultimately, in collaboration with the initiator’s representatives, a proposal was made to ensure that an assessment and, if necessary, changes to the thresholds are included every two years, and to address the concerns of interest groups with a compromise solution of 25% immediately and 20% two years later. The leading committee carried out the procedure and scheduled the second reading and final vote, but ultimately decided to end the second reading and allow for the preparation of the third reading later, leaving open the possibility of a final vote on December 17th.

Discussion of Bill 435 concerning the amendment of the Subsoil Act in the Riigikogu's second reading. The bill was submitted by the Government of the Republic on May 13 and its primary purpose is to prevent a situation where achieving the state's climate standards objectives would become difficult if licenses for shale oil extraction were issued before requirements are clarified. The bill provides for a temporary suspension of procedures for licenses for shale oil extraction until January 1, 2026, and also provides for the possibility of suspending procedures relating to applications for mining licenses and extensions of mining concessions, with exceptions. The end of the first reading did not bring any amendment proposals, and the bill has undergone preliminary work involving the participation of interest groups and analytical skills, as well as linguistic and technical improvements to the text. Finally, as a leadership committee, a decision was made to take the bill for the Riigikogu's plenary session for the second reading on December 11 and to complete the second reading; further progression to the third reading and a final vote is planned. The Isamaa faction submitted a proposal to interrupt the second reading, but it did not garner the necessary support, and the second reading was completed by consensus.

The discussion within the latest, agenda item 15, concerned the first reading of the draft law (531) amending the Construction Code Act, the Act on Administrative Cooperation, and the Water Act. The draft law aims to reduce bureaucracy and overregulation in the water sector and ensure smoother state functioning. The primary justification was that several coordination processes between local governments and the Environmental Board create duplication and slow down procedures. The draft law highlights five key changes: (1) coordination of construction permits for boreholes and boreholes, (2) coordination of wastewater collection areas, (3) delegation of the certification of water sample takers to a private legal entity, (4) clarification of the requirements for permits for groundwater diversion, and (5) clarification and acceleration of various technical provisions and applications. The Environmental Board and local governments were involved in the process, and the planned changes are intended to reduce the burdensome workload on the state and officials, while ensuring that local governments and the Environmental Board coordinate cases with significant impact on the public interest.

The plan was to discuss the duties and responsibilities of the Minister of the Interior, Lauri Läänemets, focusing on the “tax festival” and the issue of bank taxes. In the first part, a question was raised by Vadim Belobrovtsev, and the discussion centered on whether and how taxes could be implemented or increased in Estonia, and what solutions are needed to finance national defense and security. The discussion revealed that the government has not reached an agreement on the introduction of a bank tax; the discussion has been thorough and time-consuming, but no mutual agreement was reached. However, the minister indicated that covering state security expenditures requires various mechanisms, and certain taxes may be justifiable, but their implementation requires compromise within the coalition.

The Riigikogu’s second question was addressed to the Minister of Justice and Digital Transformation, Liisa-Ly Pakosta, and concerned the restriction of voting rights for citizens of aggressor states in local government (KOV) elections. Riigikogu member Riina Solman (Isamaa) initiated the discussion, emphasizing security considerations and Isamaa’s proposal to enshrine the right to vote in the constitution solely for Estonian citizens (in addition to EU citizens, whose right derives from international law). Minister Pakosta confirmed that amending the constitution based on the security situation is a relevant political decision, but stressed the need to achieve consensus between political parties and ensure legal clarity.

More detailed attention was focused on the wording of bill 536. Solman highlighted the minister’s earlier criticism regarding the explanatory note, which would allow a lower-level law to establish conditions for inclusion in foreign voter lists, which, in Pakosta’s view, would give politicians the opportunity to restrict or deny voting rights immediately before elections. The minister emphasized that the purpose of the constitution is to prevent such a situation, and recommended removing the provision from the bill that would allow a lower-level law to set additional restrictions that could lead to the loss of voting rights for certain groups. In addition, Tõnis Lukas (Isamaa) addressed the issue of the election process, particularly ensuring the security of e-elections in the context of Russian hybrid and digital attacks. The minister confirmed that cybersecurity is a priority in the country, receiving additional funding, and that e-elections are highly secured. She also stressed the need to raise public awareness against deepfakes and manipulation.

The content of the third question focused on the themes of war and peace, with Defence Minister Hanno Pevkur responding, and the connection to what is happening in Ukraine and Estonia’s security policy. Member of the Riigikogu Mart Helme posed the question regarding statements made by Kusti Salm, asking whether a larger military conflict threatens Europe and what Estonia’s positions would be in that situation, including whether and to what extent Estonia could develop the defence industry in cooperation with its neighbours. During the discussion, intelligence information and the role of state institutions in decision-making emerged, and it was also emphasized that international agreements and the principles of NATO continue to play a decisive role.

The fourth question before the Riigikogu addressed the topic of thefts and the socio-economic impacts arising from them. The question was posed by Riigikogu member Anastassia Kovalenko-Kõlvart to the Ministry of Justice and Digital Transformation regarding thefts. The discussion highlighted that crime had been on a downward trend in the previous decade, but last year’s statistics showed an upward trend (~4%), which is primarily associated with the impact of the socio-economic situation. The main points of the discussion were: how and to what extent should the impact of tax and socio-economic changes on crime be linked, and how to ensure assistance to the most vulnerable – not just punishment, but real coping and assistance that promotes social resilience. Another central theme was the role of local governments in preventing thefts, and the need for a more humane, direct-engagement, and collaborative approach, where a social worker can respond to situations along with the police and offer immediate assistance. The interaction between state and local services is seen as an opportunity to reduce the consequences of thefts and focus on prevention and assistance for those people who actually need help.

In the context of the fifth question presented, discussions revolved around the actions taken by Lauri Läänemets as Minister of the Interior before the Riigikogu, while performing the duties of Prime Minister, and focused on the confusing substitution activities. Helir-Valdor Seeder criticized that actual policy is being replaced by unnecessary bureaucracy and an opaque negotiation process flowing from multiple locations, resulting in inadequate agreements on the financing of education, local governments, and the reform of mobility. Concerns were also raised regarding the formation of regional agreements and issues related to organizations representing local governments, and it was questioned why the government is engaged in substitution activities instead of making concrete financing and organizational decisions. On one hand, the debate affirmed the need to improve mobility and continue the financing of public transportation; on the other hand, it was pointed out that negotiations with local governments should not become merely a platform for empty slogans, and that social and educational policy requires a clear financial basis and cost accounting.

The second part focused on the education agreement and regional reforms: discussions centered on whether the content of the education agreement is sufficiently concrete and whether sufficient funding has been secured for it in the coming years. A discussion also took place on the planned increase in teacher salaries in 2026 and the reduction of workload, emphasizing that cooperation between schools and local governments is essential, but should not remain at a single level of negotiation. Additionally, network investments and financing priorities were addressed—including the additional 80 million euros for the public transportation reform and the approval of cooperation principles related to Norwegian funding—which shapes a long-term strategy with the direction of a so-called unified ticketing system and improved access to services in rural areas. As tangential topics, questions regarding the constitution and the right to elect local governments were touched upon, and participants separately discussed the challenges arising from Ericsson's major investment and the impact of general tax policy on entrepreneurship.

The Riigikogu discussed the positions of Defence Minister Hanno Pevkur regarding state defence and wind turbines as part of the sixth question. The questioning focused primarily on the development of the Aidu wind farm on the eastern border and its potential impact on security, intelligence, communication, radar surveillance, and the Border Guard's functions in defending the border. The potential impact of offshore wind farms on maritime intelligence was also addressed, as was the country’s overall energy security – what compensatory measures are being considered and how decisions planned to affect the border zone and residents will be made in accordance with the country’s security interests. Given that the discussion encompassed both national security and energy security, as well as the role of local government involvement, it was emphasized that the necessary systems and restrictions must be coordinated and, if necessary, compensated for, when offshore wind farms begin to be realized.

During the Riigikogu session's seventh question, the Minister of the Interior, Lauri Läänemets, was addressed in the Prime Minister's capacity. The question was presented in collaboration with the Member of the Riigikogu, Aleksandr Tšaplõgin, and focused on economic growth and Eesti Energia. A common thread was the observation of continued economic decline and discussion on how different policy areas, including tax policy and employment, influence the long-term economy. The impact of decisions made during the energy crisis was also highlighted, along with the role of Eesti Energia and the impact of environmental requirements on entrepreneurship and employment. This cascading discussion encompassed both the general foundation of the state's economy and sector- and business-specific details, emphasizing the importance of education and qualifications in increasing future added value.

In the first part, the discussion revolved around the eighth question to the Riigikogu, presented by Urmas Reinsalu to the Minister of the Interior, Lauri Läänemets, concerning people's ability to cope and the planned tax increases next year. The discussion highlighted that the government plans to implement various tax increases (for borrowing and financing national defense) and assessed their impact on people's incomes, focusing particularly on families with lower and middle incomes and the elderly. According to the government's arguments, the burden should fall more heavily on wealthier individuals, and the direction of tax policy prioritizes groups moving downwards and maintaining social stability, but also financing national defense and security.

In the second part, the focus shifted to specific concerns, such as how much the average-earning person and the average pensioner's pocket would be affected by the tax changes, and what compensating measures have been implemented (e.g., pension indexing protection, support for nursing home placement fees, and minimum wage increases). The government emphasized that, although indirect taxes are rising, efforts are being made to avoid major cuts and that the tax changes aim to secure national defense funding without excessively burdening the middle class and pensioners. Finally, the discussion turned to the fact that, overall, a compromising direction emerged, where right-wing parties and other parties are trying to find a balance in the distribution of the tax burden and responsibility within society.

During an information session, Member of the Riigikogu Varro Vooglaid (pid: dSDfxfKs4Jw) raised a question concerning the security situation to Minister of the Interior Lauri Läänemets, who was performing the duties of the Prime Minister. The question centered on Riigikogu decision 479, which delegated the authority to the Republic of Estonia's Government to decide on the dispatch of up to 100 members of the Defence Forces to military missions abroad (under the auspices of NATO, the EU, or member states) without separate approval from the Riigikogu. Vooglaid expressed concern that this authorization could allow the government to make a decision regarding Estonia's participation in a military mission in Ukraine without the parliament’s consent, which he deemed unacceptable. He demanded confirmation on behalf of the government that separate and specific approval would always be sought from the Riigikogu for any deployment to Ukraine, rather than relying on decision 479.

Minister Lauri Läänemets explained that this is a long-standing practice regarding NATO, EU, and UN missions. He confirmed that no proposal has yet been made to the government regarding a military mission to Ukraine. Läänemets emphasized that this is too significant a decision for the government to make secretly, and such a matter should be discussed with parliament. Although he did not provide an absolute legal confirmation of restricting the future use of decision 479, he indicated a political need for parliamentary approval, especially if it involved combat operations. The information session concluded after the response was received.

Agenda item number 1 concerned the second reading of the draft law amending the Identity Documents Act and, in connection therewith, amending other laws, initiated by the Republic of Estonia’s Government. The Chairman of the Constitutional Committee, Hendrik Johannes Terras, presented the committee’s report. No proposals were received by the deadline for amendments, but the Constitutional Committee, in cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, made five technical amendment proposals.

The agenda item concerned the second reading of the draft law amending the Waste Act, initiated by the Government of the Republic, and amending other laws related to it, bill number 461. The purpose of the draft law is to reduce the number of missing or destroyed vehicles and to direct end-of-life vehicles to proper dismantling. The draft law is also related to motor vehicle tax and contains various amendments concerning both the implementation of the Waste Act, the Road Traffic Act, and the regulations pertaining to motor vehicle tax. The Environment Committee began a thorough discussion of the draft law, listened to the positions of interest groups, and prepared a large number of amendment proposals. A wide-ranging discussion took place during the second reading of the draft law, and, from among the various proposals, compromises were reached to reconcile the positions of the government and opposition parties, and the expected procedural actions were confirmed: the adoption of amendment proposal number 15 and several other parts, and the plan to forward the draft law for further proceedings in a third reading and final vote. In summary, the focus of the agenda was the final framework of the legal amendments and their impact on the state budget, the environment, and property relations. The second reading was concluded, and the Riigikogu intends to continue with a third reading and final vote, while also confirming the plan to extend the session and the progression of the agenda.

Under agenda item three, the Riigikogu considered the first reading of the draft law amending the Act on the Status of a Member of the Riigikogu, initiated by the Estonian Centre Party faction, number 528. The main point of the draft law proposed to link the salary and expense allowances of a member of the Riigikogu to the actual performance of their work duties: reductions in salary are foreseen for participation in plenary sittings and committee meetings, and in certain cases, adjustments to expense allowances are also being considered. The representative presenting the draft was Riigikogu member Lauri Laats. During his speech, he highlighted similar practices in foreign countries, as well as the need for work behaviour monitoring and transparency that is understandable to the public. The need to account for absences due to illness and family reasons, as well as for assignments, was also emphasized, but the primary goal was to create a clearer and fairer system that connects salary with work contribution.

In the second part of the discussion, the scope broadened to three aspects of practices in European countries: what reward or penalty systems apply based on attendance, how much actual work needs to be done, and how transparent expense allowances are; the discussion concluded with a remark indicating that today’s discussion is the first step, and if necessary, unjustified as well as justified absences and periods of application can be clarified during the second reading. Finally, in concluding remarks, the steering committee decided to reject the draft law on first reading, as a result of which the draft law is removed from the procedure.

Draft law 545 for amending the Act on the Status of a Member of the Riigikogu was discussed at first reading. The initiators of the draft are Lauri Hussar (Speaker of the Riigikogu), Toomas Kivimägi, Arvo Aller, and representatives of the factions—Eesti 200, the Social Democratic Party, the Reform Party, and EKRE. The purpose is to reduce state costs associated with reimbursing expenses for the work of a Member of the Riigikogu, by setting a limit at 25% of the official salary. The justification given was the need for cost savings in the public sector and to demonstrate solidarity with society in the context of difficult times. It was acknowledged that the change will maintain the Riigikogu’s working capacity and constitutional functions and will enable the state to save approximately 400,000 euros per year.

The second paragraph described the technical and political background of the draft: collaboration between four factions and plans for further steps, including ideas for differentiation based on place of residence and improving the transparency of government representation expenses. The main focus of the discussion was the actual costs of expense reimbursements and their distribution, the deadline for submitting amendments, and the impact of the draft on the structure of the state budget. In addition, the repair fund and residual amounts reverting to the state budget were considered, as well as avoiding questions from the floor to the presenter to ensure the greatest possible agreement to promote solidarity. Finally, the conclusion of the first reading and the deadline for submitting amendments were set for December 11th at 4:00 PM, taking into account that the law must come into force on January 1st.

The presented inquiry regarding the government commission’s activity on population policy addresses questions of the commission’s frequency, the number of experts involved, and transparency. Considering the demographic crisis and the sustainability of the population, the inquirers emphasize the need to ensure systematic scientific analysis and a current work plan. Furthermore, the question of why the commission has not met this year has been raised, as well as how to avoid duplicated work at the level of working groups or crisis problem commissions, and what specific measures are foreseen to increase birth rates.

The debate also covered the modification and supplementation of the commission’s composition to include more experts and representatives from various ministries, and emphasized the need to integrate population policy into existing development plans (such as Estonia 2035 and the welfare development plan) and ensure their consideration in solving population problems. Various speakers highlighted the role of the government and the Riigikogu in the issues of birth rates and family security, and discussed improving transparency and public engagement, including the possibility of a joint public session and increasing access to information.

During the discussion of the third agenda item, a request for information no. 663, concerning Estonia’s vote at the United Nations General Assembly on September 18, 2024, was presented by members of the Riigikogu Vadim Belobrovtsev, Lauri Laatsi, Anastassia Kovalenko-Kõlvart, and Vladimir Arhipov. Riigikogu member Vadim Belobrovtsev was asked to deliver the presentation. The request for information focused on Estonia’s vote and the tensions created in Estonian-Israeli relations, taking into account the context of the tragic events of October 7th, and the need to clarify why Estonia has changed its voting practice and whether this occurred based on instructions from the minister.

The second part of the agenda item included Minister Margus Tsahkna’s responses to the requesters’ questions, followed by question-and-answer speeches from various members of the Riigikogu. The discussion touched on the semantic effects of the ICC arrest warrants, the situations in Syria and Israel, developments in the Middle East, the issue of refugee acceptance, and Estonia’s consultation practices more broadly with allies. Finally, the agenda item was closed, and no clear decisions were made; the discussion focused on the continued protection of principles and interests in Estonian foreign policy, as well as adherence to international law.

The Riigikogu debated the inquiry No. 664 concerning the investigation of phosphorite and rare earth metals at the Toolse deposit and potential future mining. The inquiry members were Jaak Valge, Ants Froschi, and Leo Kunnas, whose questions focused on the clarity of the legal basis for the investigation, the scope of research and development activities, the transparency of laboratory negotiations, and the further organization of environmental and community impact assessments. The discussion highlighted topics such as general geological research versus geological exploration for mineral resources, the potential and need for a concession mechanism, and the involvement of local community interests.

The agenda item concerns the draft law 534 for the first reading regarding accession to the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, concerning a procedure for complaints, initiated by the Government of the Republic. The protocol establishes an additional international platform for the rights of the child: the possibility to submit individual or interstate complaints to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child and, if necessary, to initiate investigations in cases of violations concerning children. Estonia has previously taken steps towards the ratification of this protocol; it would enter into force three months after the deposit of the instrument of accession; the expected entry into force in Estonia would be in the spring of 2025. The process, the international context, and the practice were discussed through the media, and through roadmaps for adherence to international standards and strengthening the rights of children. The discussion highlighted the clarity of the legal framework, the need for public awareness, and potential risks and cost effects, emphasizing that the protocol adds additional mechanisms for the protection of the rights of the child, including the possibility to submit complaints in their mother tongue and the possibility of involving independent representatives. Finally, it was decided to conclude the first reading, and further procedural steps will be addressed at subsequent meetings.

Today's sitting addressed the draft law amending the Citizenship Act 522 for its first reading, initiated by the Isamaa faction. The draft’s aim is to restore the previous, tighter procedure for granting citizenship and to limit the possibility of granting Estonian citizenship in exceptional cases to individuals who have been repeatedly convicted of crimes – this is connected to the context of the constitution and the state’s sovereign right to establish conditions for granting citizenship. The speaker was Helir-Valdor Seeder, the draft’s initiator, and the general discussion highlighted differences in practice between governments and the need for a clear, predictable procedure.

The content of the draft is summarized in two paragraphs: the first paragraph declares § 21 paragraph 11 invalid, which previously allowed for the exceptional granting of Estonian citizenship to an individual who had been repeatedly convicted and whose conviction had been erased; the second paragraph’s implementing clause stipulates that applications submitted before the entry into force will be processed to completion under the old procedure. The background emphasized that previous practice has sometimes been clumsy and uneven and requires clear principles consistent with the rule of law, so that citizenship is a privilege, not a compulsory human right.

The agenda item concerned the third reading of the bill on amending the Education Act of the Republic of Estonia and amending other related laws (establishing the obligation to attend school) initiated by the Government of the Republic (obligation to attend school) bill 447. The bill aims to extend the obligation to attend school while simultaneously introducing significant changes to the organization of vocational education, the inclusion of preparatory education, and a more flexible structure and redirection of curricula between schools. This also includes a notable emphasis on increasing the workload of support specialists and teachers, additional obligations for vocational education centers and institutions, and transitions to four-year curricula in some fields.

During the debate, it was highlighted that the changes are aimed at increasing the continuation of young people and improving the level of education, but at the same time, concerns about funding were raised, and the need to find additional resources to ensure the comprehensive and functional implementation of the law. Representatives of the factions presented various viewpoints: Isamaa emphasized extending the obligation to attend school until the age of 18 and the importance of vocational education reform; the Reform Party supported the changes and saw them as increasing flexibility and opportunities; SDE focused on the continuation of young people and the role of preparatory education; EKRE expressed criticism regarding funding and impacts, warning of a possible increase in the burden on regional and school networks. As a result of the final vote, the bill was adopted, confirming a notable political agreement and the state's readiness to move forward.

Within the agenda item, the draft law amending the Enterprise Income Tax Act and the Tax Procedure Act (bill 463) underwent its third reading and final vote by the Government of the Republic. The session leader quickly opened and closed the discussion, after which the lead committee proposed conducting the final vote on the bill. Bill 463 was put to a final vote. The voting results demonstrated widespread support for the adoption of the law: 73 members of the Riigikogu voted in favor, 0 voted against, and 1 member abstained. Therefore, bill 463 was adopted as a law.

Within the agenda item, the Riigikogu held the third reading of the draft law amending the Plant Propagation and Variety Protection Act and the Forest Act, initiated by the Government of the Republic. Following the opening and immediate closure of debate, indicating consensus or the absence of further discussion, the governing committee proposed conducting the final vote on the draft. The Riigikogu proceeded to vote on the adoption of the draft as a law. The voting results demonstrated widespread support for the draft in parliament, after which the draft was declared adopted as a law.

The fourth agenda item concerned the third reading of the draft law amending the blood law, initiated by the Republic's Government, 476. Following the introduction of the agenda item, negotiations were opened and then immediately closed, indicating a lack of significant disagreements or the need for further discussions among the members of the Riigikogu regarding the content of the draft.

At the proposal of the steering committee, a final vote on the draft was conducted. The majority of the members of the Riigikogu participated in the vote, and the draft received broad support, after which it was adopted as a law.

The agenda included the third reading and final vote on bill 502, amending the State Duty Act and the Act on Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances and Their Precursors. During the debate, Urmas Reinsalu spoke on behalf of the Isamaa faction and announced that Isamaa would vote against the bill. Reinsalu sharply criticized the government, calling the bill part of a broader cascade of increased burdens and taxes. He emphasized that all consulted interest groups, including providers of social and healthcare services, were opposed to the bill, accusing the government of lacking substantive dialogue and exhibiting an arrogant attitude. Reinsalu also highlighted the government's inability to reduce administrative costs, which are actually growing, while equipment for defense purposes is being cut. Despite the opposition of Isamaa and others, bill 502 was passed in the final vote.

The agenda included, as item number six, the third reading of the draft law amending the Income Tax Act and the Defence Service Act, and the draft law amending the Income Tax Act 509. The presiding officer immediately opened and closed the debate, followed by a protest from the hall (with the comment "Too late"). Despite the protest, preparations for the final vote on the bill began. As a result of the vote, bill 509 was passed as law with 55 votes in favor, 12 votes against, and no abstentions. After the vote, the presiding officer explained to colleague Urmas Reinsalu that speaking requests had not been visible on the screen, but still apologized for acting too quickly and abruptly between opening and closing the debate.

The focus of the presentation was Agenda Item Seven: the third reading of the draft law amending the 2024 state budget law, initiated by the Republic's Government. The presentation was given by Annely Akkermann, Chair of the Finance Committee of the Riigikogu. The negotiations and preparations included several coordinated sessions: November 21st and December 2nd, the Finance Committee read the draft bill for the third reading, and December 3rd, a virtual meeting with Kristina Kallas. The Isamaa faction submitted amended proposals to reduce central government expenditure and cut transferrable costs, but these did not fit within the budget picture. The Finance Committee prepared a proposal consisting mainly of individual amendments clarifying expenses, and two technical amendment proposals.

In the second reading, a substantive overview was given of the distribution of a transfer of €14 million to €73 million, and the roles of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of the Interior were discussed, particularly in the field of information technology and e-exams. In the final phase, it was decided to put the bill on the agenda of the plenary session and to hold a final vote after completing the third reading. Important topics also concerned the excessive or insufficient use of the 2023 carryover, discussions about the mobility of the €14 million budget line and its impact on the 2024 budget position, and the redistribution of funding in the education sector to create opportunities to supplement the computer park for e-exams. In summary, the amendments resulting from the cooperation and discussions of the presented package were adopted, and finally, the bill itself was adopted as a law.

Agenda item eight concerned the draft resolution to approve the consolidated annual report of the State for the 2023 financial year, a second reading (503). The Finance Committee, a member of which is Aivar Sõerd, prepared the session, and the committee reported that no amendments had been received by the deadline from factions, members, or committees. Therefore, the committee decided to place the draft resolution on the agenda of the plenary session and to hold the final vote on December 4th. The presentation was delivered by colleague Aivar Sõerd, a member of the Finance Committee, from the Speaker's rostrum of the Riigikogu.

Agenda item nine concerns the second reading of draft resolution 477 submitted by the Government to the Riigikogu, “Extension of the Term of Use of the Defence Forces in the Implementation of Estonia’s International Obligations in an International Military Operation Inherent Resolve.” The draft pertains to the continuation of the Defence Forces’ participation in Iraq and the extension of the precise amount—up to 110 Defence Force personnel—until December 31, 2025. The initial reading took place on November 6th; amendments were submitted by November 20th and were not submitted. The Defence Committee discussed the draft on November 21st and December 2nd, approving the text and explanatory note for the second reading by consensus. According to the draft, the operation area is fixed as Iraq, and the procedural decisions of the leading commission stipulated putting the draft to a final vote in the Riigikogu plenary session for December 4th, and concluding the second reading. Following the session of December 2nd, the committee decided by consensus to put the draft to a final vote, and the next step was a final vote in the Riigikogu.

This agenda item concerns the extension of the Riigikogu draft resolution 478, submitted by the Government of the Republic, for its second reading regarding the deadline for the use of the Defence Forces in fulfilling the international obligations of the Republic of Estonia within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) mission in Iraq. The draft was submitted on September 29th; the first reading was completed on November 6th, and the deadline for submitting amendments, November 5th, had passed. The leading committee did not require any clarifications, and the draft was discussed in the National Defence Committee on November 5th and December 6th, where, at the December 6th session, the text and explanatory notes for the second reading were unanimously approved. According to the draft, the deadline for the use of the Defence Forces is extended from January 1st, 3024 to December 31st, 3024. The National Defence Committee decided at the November 5th session to place the draft on the Riigikogu’s plenary agenda for the second reading on December 3rd, and at the same session to complete the second reading and put the draft to a final vote in accordance with Section 109 of the Riigikogu Rules of Procedure.

Agenda item number 11 concerned the second reading of Riigikogu (Parliament) bill 479, "The Use of the Defence Forces in Fulfilling the Republic of Estonia's International Obligations in a NATO-led, EU-led, or UN-led International Military Operation, in Making the First Contribution Thereof," as submitted by the Government of the Republic. The bill focuses on the use of an exceptional mandate necessary to resolve an international crisis and allows the government to deploy up to 100 members of the Estonian Defence Forces in an international operation, provided it is in accordance with international law. The structure and procedure were passed to the National Defence Committee for preparation, and the bill was added to the Riigikogu's plenary session agenda for December 14th with the recommendation to conclude the second reading. The final assessment was a consensus-based decision, made in cooperation with the National Defence Committee, to move to a final vote.

Let's move on to agenda item number 12 for today. This is the second reading of draft resolution 480, submitted by the Government of the Republic, "Extending the term of service of the Defence Forces in fulfilling the Republic of Estonia's international obligations in the European Union’s military assistance mission in Mozambique." Please proceed, Mr. Enn Eesmaa, member of the National Defence Committee. This concerns the term of service of up to three Defence Forces personnel in the EUMAM Mozambique mission and an extension until the end of 2025; procedures and dates are detailed in the draft resolution’s proceedings. The National Defence Committee unanimously approved the text and explanatory memorandum for the second reading and proposes to bring the draft resolution to the agenda of the Riigikogu plenary session on December 1st, and to conclude the second reading and put it to a final vote today.

The discussion focused on the second reading of draft resolution 481 of the Riigikogu, submitted by the Government of the Republic, concerning "Extension of the term of use of the Defence Forces in fulfilling the international obligations of the Republic of Estonia in the European Union’s military operation EUNAVFOR Med/Irini." The first reading took place on November 6th; no amendments were proposed. The Defence Committee made a linguistic clarification that harmonizes the wording with the drafts for other Defence Forces international operations. According to the draft, Estonia will continue to contribute with up to three Defence Forces personnel to the EUNAVFOR Med/Irini operation next year.

The Riigikogu debated the bill of the Republic's Government on a resolution of the Riigikogu for the second reading, number 482. The bill concerns the use of the Defence Forces to fulfill the international obligations of the Republic of Estonia in the European Union’s international military operation EUNAVFOR Aspides, and the presenter was the Chairman of the National Defence Committee, Kalev Stoicescu. No amendments were proposed for the bill, and during the language editing correction, the name Aspides was changed to Aspides with a capital "A" to mark the operation's name as an official abbreviation. The National Defence Committee discussed the bill at its sessions of November 21st and December 2nd, and on December 2nd, the text of the second reading of the bill was approved unanimously, along with the explanatory note. The committee's decision was to put the bill on the Riigikogu’s agenda for the second reading by December 4th and to conclude the second reading with a final vote.

The Riigikogu discussed the draft resolution submitted by the Government of the Republic, the second reading of bill 483, which concerns the use of the Defence Forces in fulfilling the international obligations of the Republic of Estonia as part of a joint expeditionary force of the United Kingdom. The esteemed presenter of the bill was Kristo Enn Vaga, a member of the National Defence Committee. The initial reading was concluded and no amendments were submitted; the bill did, however, require further debate and a final vote. The National Defence Committee discussed the bill before the second reading and, at its session on December 2nd, the text of the second reading and the explanatory memorandum were unanimously approved. According to the bill, if necessary, up to 24 Defence Forces personnel may be provided to the Defence Forces for peacekeeping or security restoration operations based on the Charter of the United Nations, but the actual financial contribution will depend on the needs of the operation and budget lines. The concluding message of the presentation was that the Riigikogu proposes to place the bill on the agenda for the second reading and the final vote will be carried out in accordance with the Rules of Procedure Act.

Today, the second reading of the draft resolution presented by the Government of the Republic, number 484, was held according to the description: extending the term of use of the Defence Forces in the fulfillment of the Republic of Estonia's international obligations in a UN peacekeeping operation in Lebanon (UNIFIL). The presentation was made by Meelis Kiili, a member of the National Defence Committee, and concluded with a final vote, during which the second reading process proceeded unanimously and the draft's initial coordination was confirmed.

The second part describes the course of proceedings from the first reading on November 26th, the absence of proposed amendments, and the committee's unanimous approval of the text of the second reading and explanatory memorandum on December 1st. The committee's decision was to put the draft on the agenda of the plenary session by December 12th and to complete the second reading and put it to a final vote in accordance with the Rules of Procedure of the Riigikogu. Finally, a summary was made: the draft passed the final vote; there were no votes in favor, against, or abstentions, meaning the draft was adopted.

Today's agenda item 17 concerned the presentation for the second reading, on behalf of the National Defence Committee, by Kalev Stoicescu, regarding the draft resolution of the Riigikogu "Use of the Defence Forces in fulfilling Estonia's international obligations in the composition of NATO readiness units." The initial reading took place on November 6th, and amendments were not submitted by 10:00 AM on November 20th. The committee discussed the draft on November 21st and December 2nd; at the December 2nd session, the text for the second reading was unanimously approved along with an explanatory note. The committee made a linguistic clarification to align the wording with other draft resolutions concerning Defence Forces international operations. According to the draft, Estonia will contribute to NATO’s high-readiness ARF (Allied Reaction Force) and permanent naval units SNF (Standing Naval Forces). Participation in NATO's rapid reaction forces is in Estonia's security interests and helps quickly implement operations with Defence Forces battle groups and readiness for action. Estonia's contribution in 2025 is planned to be a total of up to 76 Defence Forces personnel (with a mine countermeasures vessel and staff officers). At the November 21st session, the National Defence Committee unanimously decided to complete the second reading and submit the draft for a final vote in accordance with Section 109 of the Riigikogu Rules of Procedure. I ask members of the Riigikogu to vote in favor of the draft.

The discussion regarding agenda item 18 concerned the Riigikogu resolution submitted by the Government of the Republic of Estonia to extend the term of service of the Defence Forces in a UN-led peacekeeping operation, UNTSO, until the end of 2025. The second reading of the draft and the coordination of the explanatory note took place at the level of the National Defence Committee, where linguistic clarification was introduced, drawing on the wording used in other Defence Forces international operations. Procedural discussions were successfully concluded over two sittings (November 18th and December 2nd), and the committee unanimously decided to place the draft on the Riigikogu’s plenary agenda for a second reading and to set a final vote. The mission participating in the peacekeeping operation deployed by the UN includes observers from 30 countries, including 14 NATO countries, which highlights the international contextual significance of Estonia’s involvement.

The Riigikogu debated the second reading of bill 510. The purpose of the government-initiated act amending the excise tax law on alcohol, tobacco, fuel, and electricity, as well as other laws, is to increase excise tax revenue for the years 2025–2028, including a gradual increase in taxes on tobacco products (10% in 2025–2026) and alcohol (2025: +5%, 2026: +10%, 2027–2028: +5% each year), as well as lead-free gasoline and equivalent fuels (a 5% increase over four years, starting July 1st). There was also discussion regarding a different arrangement of earmarked capital for alcohol and tobacco excise tax and concerning the amendment of the adoption of a 0.5% earmark for the cultural capital earmarked funds. Issues arose regarding the impact of cross-border trade, balancing impacts across different sectors, and differences in opinion between the coalition and interest groups. Additionally, two main amendments were proposed: (1) a 0.5% earmark from alcohol and tobacco excise tax revenue would go to the body culture and sports earmarked capital, and (2) avoiding the previously planned two-stage excise tax increase in 2025, so that the total increase would be 10% in 2026 and 5% each year in 2027–2028. The committee’s intention was to bring the bill to the full assembly in December 2024, with a final vote planned for December 11, 2024.

Today’s agenda item concerned the second reading before the Riigikogu of the draft security tax act initiated by the Government of the Republic. The presenter was Maris Lauri, a member of the Riigikogu’s finance committee. During the session, there were broadly two perspectives: firstly, the purpose of the draft to cover additional security expenditures exceeding 2% of GDP, and secondly, questions and technical improvements concerning the financing structure. The discussions primarily focused on how to avoid double taxation for conglomerates and stock exchange companies, how to consider quarterly reporting, and how to apply general anti-abuse provisions in the context of tax administrator controls. In addition, the arguments of interest groups and trade unions regarding the distribution of the burden were highlighted: the impact on lower incomes, pensioners, and people with disabilities, as well as the simplification of taxation for e-residents. Procedurally, questions arose regarding how amendments reach the chamber and how to discuss different proposals in accordance with the Rules of Procedure.

The second part of the discussion concerned the proposals of the Isamaa faction, and eventually the decision was reached that the amendments made in the committee would receive broad consensus support, but some proposals were not taken into consideration. Procedural matters were also resolved – it was planned to conclude the second reading of the draft and conduct a final vote in the closing phase of the agenda – and finally a final vote was held, which concluded the second reading and the procedural handling of this agenda item.

The agenda item is the second reading of the draft Basic Education Act prepared by the Riigikogu Culture Committee. The draft is a long-term and collaborative solution, aiming to create a unified system of basic education and childcare services, bringing these services under the authority of the Ministry of Education and creating a unified curriculum for the development of general competencies. The presentation and discussion focused on the technical and substantive changes to the draft concerning the deadlines for providing childcare places, the criteria defining proximity of residence, the requirements for the language of instruction for children, the direction of instruction in Estonian, and the qualification requirements for teachers (including a higher position for the kindergarten director).

Furthermore, the establishment of a daily food cost allowance and the role of the board in this process, the operation of special childcare services with living spaces, and the equalization of the organization of childcare groups with kindergarten groups were discussed. An important part of the draft is related to the transition to Estonian-language education and the practical issues associated with it: how to ensure a reasonable and mutually acceptable arrangement when different municipalities have different kitchens, procurement services, and financing.

The draft law amending the Waste Act and the Packaging Act, bill number 430, underwent a second reading; the debate took place in the Environment Committee, with the aim of promoting a circular economy and environmental protection. The committee’s work was guided by stakeholder groups and the Ministry of Climate, whose proposals resulted in a total of seven proposed amendments. The introduction stated that the proposed amendments concerned clarifying the title, adding new deposit regulations for the packaging sector, providing a clearer description of producer responsibility, regulating awareness campaigns, and optimizing administrative burden. In addition, issues related to product acceptance and purchase quantity limitations, and hazardous waste liability insurance were addressed; some clarifications were organized in a normative manner. As a result of the discussion, it was decided to exclude some provisions and to continue discussing them next year as part of the waste reform package.

The first section discussed the bill on public health, initiated by the Republic's Government, its 433 second reading. The Social Committee held a total of four discussions: two technical and two focusing on the bill's joint procedure with the draft bill on pre-primary education. Key institutions participated in the engagement event; concerns arose regarding new tasks and funding (e.g., proposals submitted to the Association of Cities and Municipalities). Furthermore, topics were raised such as the conditions for gender transition services, the health effects of wind turbines, and the impact of wind turbines on the environment, which, according to the Ministry's response, are being developed in the next period. The discussion also highlighted the form of further consideration of gender transition regulations and questions regarding the welfare and impact of wind turbines, for which clarifications will be provided by September 1st of next year. Regarding procedural decisions, the committee decided: the bill will be submitted to the plenary session on December 4th, and the second reading will be concluded in advance. And if the second reading is concluded, the bill will be submitted to the plenary session and a final vote will be held on December 11th.

The agenda item was the second reading of draft law 474, amending the Prison Law and other related laws, initiated by the Government of the Republic. The presentation was given by member of the Legal Affairs Committee, Ando Kiviberg. The draft law aims to clarify the provisions concerning the database of inmates, detainees, arrestees, and probationers, primarily in relation to the need to conduct background checks on individuals visiting prisoners. Kiviberg explained that no amendments were received by the deadline. Although the Data Protection Inspectorate submitted a letter of concern, a consensus was reached with representatives of the Ministry of Justice before the committee meeting, so no further amendments were deemed necessary. The leading committee made a unanimous proposal to conclude the second reading of the draft law and to place it on the agenda of the full Riigikogu for the third reading on December 11th. No debate was opened, and the second reading of the draft law was concluded.

Draft law 499 amending the Public Transport Act – second reading, the penultimate item on the agenda. The presenter was Tarmo Tamm, a member of the Economic Affairs Committee. The draft focuses on the mechanism for compensating commercial carriers for state subsidies based on court decisions; research indicates the damage amounts to approximately 45–46% of the ticket price, therefore 50% compensation is considered fair and right. The committee suggested that payments should be made based on verified data rather than a formula. Among the significant changes highlighted is that the carrier must submit verified data on the right to free travel according to §34 of the law and retain the information in written and secure form for six months from the ticket issuance, including the personal identification codes of the subsidized individuals; data collection should not cause inconvenience to users or officials.

We will move to agenda item number 4, which concerns the second reading of the draft law amending the Customs Act, initiated by the Government of the Republic, bill number 515. The draft originated as a government initiative on October 14th and the first reading took place on October 22nd and 14th. Amendments were not submitted by 5:15 PM on November 6th, and the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Defence submitted proposals to the lead committee regarding the draft. A working group of the Economic Affairs Committee prepared for the proceedings during its meeting on November 14th, and preparations for the second reading took place on November 19th with representatives from the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Defence, and the Defence Forces.

The session focused on two major issue blocks: firstly, the European Union’s proposed unified asset register and the associated application scenarios, which would bring together data on different asset categories and could potentially infringe on an individual’s privacy and the inviolability of property; the second topic was concerns related to the salaries of healthcare workers and the context of state funding and the Health Insurance Fund's role. In addition, the topics of the governance of supervisory boards of state enterprises and reforms to ownership policy were touched upon, and it was discussed whether politicians should be members of state enterprise supervisory boards in the future. No votes or specific decisions were taken as planned, but a large portion of the discussion focused on the shortcomings of cooperation between the government and the Riigikogu, and the need for further knowledge and clarifications.

Today, the second question to the Minister of the Interior, Lauri Läänemets, was addressed in the Riigikogu, submitted by the Riigikogu member Lauri Laats, and the topic was security. The aim of the first part was to emphasize that the resilience of the economy and social stability are the cornerstones of Estonia’s security arrangements, and the discussion included the rise in food prices and regional economic activity that affects the sense of security among residents. In addition, the procedure for amending the Constitution and the coalition negotiations regarding broader voting rights were brought to the agenda.

The second part focused on how a compromise regarding the constitutional amendment will take shape and what influence possibilities and risks are associated with different options, including the expansion of voting rights for local elections to 150,000 and the alteration of the number of holders of a grey passport. The discussion also covered the different viewpoints of the coalition partners and the need to balance the security interests, the economy, and social stability for Estonians.

The discussion of the third question focused on value-based policy and the question of the course of Estonian foreign policy and general security concerns. Member of the Riigikogu Riina Solman posed a question to Prime Minister Kaja Kallas, asking whether the government and the Minister of Foreign Affairs had changed their foreign policy course and whether the prevailing values had risen to a new level in connection with events in the Middle East and the situation in Israel, and UN votes. A recurring theme was Estonia's journey in the context of relations with the USA and Great Britain, and whether Estonia's involvement and interpretation of statements might affect the safety of Estonia's Jewish community and general security interests.

In the second part, the discussion continued on the topic of the state's ownership role and the attitude of the management of Eesti Energia; the questions focused on the transparency of fuel transactions, a potential criminal investigation, and the roles of the Prosecutor's Office and the Environmental Agency. Thirdly, the health effects of wind turbines came onto the agenda – infrasound and low-frequency noise lacking modern standards, and why wind farms are being built before certain safety requirements are met. The session ended with procedural questions and a discussion between the chair and the questioners, in which the importance of unity and respect in debate was emphasized. In summary, it was an overview of value-based policy and the state's actions, the ultimate result of which was not to adopt specific decisions, but to find a promise to convey feedback with conclusions and references.

The first part addressed the security vulnerabilities of offshore wind farm projects and the importance of advance warnings. The discussion highlighted cautionary signals from the Defence Forces Commander, the Navy Commander, and the Defence Intelligence Centre Commander regarding the risks of air surveillance and radar interference. It was noted that Sweden’s decision to halt part of the wind farm construction, and the existence of advance warnings is critical for NATO allies, but at the same time, it was pointed out that the actual situation requires solutions through cooperation between multiple parties involving the Ministry of Defence, the Defence Forces, and the energy sector.

The fifth question addressed the Estonian parliament’s finances and tax policy, focusing on the future decision regarding alcohol excise duty and its impact on consumers, cross-border trade, and the state budget. Anastassia Kovalenko-Kõlvart posed the question to the Minister of Finance, Jürgen Ligi, bringing up the idea of increasing alcohol excise duty as one element and asking where this idea originated and whether it was connected to broader designs by the Social Democrats or the coalition. The first decision discussed was the non-increase of alcohol excise duty for the coming year; the discussion also focused on potential preventative measures and the risks of cross-border trade, not just tax revenue. Furthermore, the discussion touched on the need to balance views related to potential taxes, including corporate profit taxation, and highlighted the role of coalition negotiations and the extent of uncertainty surrounding risk assessments. A second part encompassed Riina Solmann’s question regarding Eesti Energia’s derivative transactions and the themes of overall responsibility and institutional independence, raising the question of how much ministers and the state operate under private liability at the unit level. Overall, the agenda reflected ongoing discussion about the state's finances, taxes, and emergency situations, and demonstrated how parliamentarians strive for clarity and accountability regarding the functioning of various institutions.

The topic of the sixth question was security and the readiness of national defense. The discussion focused on the level of national defense, the impact on surveillance and radar systems, the security of offshore wind farms, and the balance between restrictions and preventative measures associated with them. Emphasis was placed on daily cooperation between the government, the leadership of the Defense Forces, and the energy sector, highlighting the need to protect security interests while simultaneously promoting economic development and energy security.

The second part of the discussion concerned compensatory measures and studies related to mitigating the impact of offshore wind farms. It was noted that significant sums have been allocated for compensation and that a study outlining further steps will be completed at the beginning of 2025. It was also emphasized that restrictions, such as altitude restrictions around radar systems, will remain in effect and that energy sector changes must occur in a way that lowers electricity prices while safeguarding the state’s security interests. Additionally, the Prime Minister noted that the state's position in foreign policy has not changed and that cooperation and discussions with various stakeholders are part of a democratic process.

Today's discussion focused on the organization of civil protection in a crisis situation, with extensive evacuation planning and implementation as central issues, including the roles of the Rescue Board, the Defence League, and local municipalities, as well as the mapping of evacuation points. Members of the Riigikogu discussed what likely formative scenarios would exist regarding the movement of populations in Ida-Virumaa and Southern Estonia, and where evacuation points and logistical support for equipment could potentially be located. They also addressed how to ensure people’s safety, food provisions, and coordination between different institutions during a crisis, and what the regional balance would be regarding the placement of evacuees across Estonia.

Today's session focused on the topic of suffrage, specifically the question of granting voting rights to holders of a grey passport in local elections and the associated security and integration issues. The question, presented by Riigikogu member Vadim Belobrovtsev to Minister of the Interior Lauri Läänemets, also addressed the impact of coalition agreements and the planned constitutional amendments, and to what extent and for whom these amendments should actually apply. Discussions related to the topic also included assessments from the Security Police and Protection Police, and the government's compromise, which remains a coalition agreement and attempts to balance security and democratic right. The debate ended with a general consensus, or rather a lack of decisions, and concluded by emphasizing that every discussion is important as a minimum requirement, and that agreements within the coalition are still in the process.

The finance minister's accepted question regarding reasonably priced electricity was presented, and concern was expressed over the size and transparency of wood chip purchases made through Enefit Power. Aivar Kokk raised a specific case – a direct purchase of 5 million euros through Metsahake OÜ without a public tender – and emphasized that the state’s energy sector purchases should take place within the framework of competition and fair tendering rules. He also addressed the topic of how the reconstruction of old shale boilers to pellet or wood chip energy could influence Estonia’s energy policy and economy, and whether decisions in this area require oversight from the state. The discussion largely echoed concerns about transparency and market prices, and called for the involvement of boards and supervisory boards, and for expanding the discussion if necessary.

Within the agenda item, the third reading of the draft law amending the Competition Act, initiated by the Government of the Republic, took place. Following the opening and immediate closing of debate, which indicated a smooth procedure and consensus, the leading committee proposed conducting the final vote on the draft law. The Riigikogu proceeded to vote on the draft law. The voting results showed strong support: 68 members of the Riigikogu voted in favor of the draft law, 2 voted against, and there were no abstentions. Therefore, draft law 466 was adopted as a law, concluding the procedure for this agenda item.

As the second item on the agenda, the draft law amending the Act on Responding to a Petition and Request for Clarification and Submitting a Collective Appeal (bill 475) was considered for its third reading. Following the opening and closing of debate, the steering committee proposed holding the final vote on the bill. The chairperson put bill 475 to a final vote. Seventy-five members of the Riigikogu participated in the vote, of whom 74 voted in favor of adopting the bill, 0 voted against, and 1 abstained. Bill 475 was adopted as law. The chairperson then commented on the procedural waiting period, noting that although he is an impatient person, he adheres to the two-minute waiting period during final votes.

The third reading of the draft law amending the Maritime Safety Act 526 concerns the future and competitiveness of Estonia’s maritime sector. The draft’s aim is to promote international maritime transport through public ports and direct trade flows to Estonia, including a 14% reduction in port dues for ships entering port anchorages between 01.01.2025–31.12.2025. This continues the incentives that were in effect during the COVID-19 pandemic (at a higher level of 35% and 15% in 2023) to keep Estonia’s maritime sector functioning and improve cargo transport and passenger services through ports.

In addition, the draft introduces deliberate steps to strengthen the competitiveness of shipping, including a plan to direct 25 million euros of revenue from CO2 quota sales towards retrofitting ships in Estonia and to develop a retrofit support scheme to help shipping companies make their vessels more environmentally friendly. The approach is similar to the partially state-funded refund mechanism implemented in the Film Estonia programme. In state budget negotiations, it is foreseen that these measures will increase the number of ships operating under the Estonian flag and will create added value for the maritime sector. At the level of factions and the government, there is emphasis on the need to utilise global competition and the competencies of coastal infrastructure.

Fourth on the agenda is the continuation of the second reading of the draft law amending the Child Protection Act and other laws, initiated by the Government of the Republic. A presentation from the State Assembly Board took place at the State Assembly rostrum, and, naturally, the progress of the proceedings was accompanied by a presentation from Social Committee member Eero Merilinn. The aim of the draft is to clarify the process of reassessing restrictions on working with children, to increase clarity and transparency, but at the same time, it must not in any way jeopardize the safety of the child. The legislative amendments mainly affect paragraphs 5–8 of § 20, deadlines and document submissions, and clarification of the roles of the parties involved; the changes will allow the Social Insurance Board, and if necessary, the Ministry of Justice, to be involved in the reassessment. Six amendments were submitted – Riina Solman made four and the EKRE faction two – and the committee thoroughly reviewed them.

In Chapter 2, the focus was on the fact that the draft does not change the basis for establishing restrictions, and therefore does not jeopardize the safety of the child, but increases transparency and clarity of the procedure. In the context of the draft, a wide-ranging discussion arose regarding both legal nuances and practical applications, including a discussion about the impact of the opinion received from the law firm Ellex Raidla and observations on how pedophilia is handled in the context of the criminal record registry. In conclusion, it was determined that the changes will help to clarify and normalize procedures while keeping the safety of the child as the top priority.

Within the framework of the Riigikogu’s fifth agenda item, the Riigikogu held the first reading of draft resolution 542 presented by the Government of the Republic, the main topic of which was increasing Estonia’s participation in the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). The presenter was the Minister of Finance, Jürgen Ligi. He explained that the capital increase is primarily aimed at providing assistance to Ukraine in the context of the war and reconstruction work, and it foresaw the issuance of new shares totaling 4 billion euros; Estonia's share of this, in total, being 0.1%, which means 4,030,000 euros in five equal installments. Ligi emphasized that this is a neutral financial transaction and that the EBRD has a long history in Ukraine, where it has established loans and investments, and supported tens of millions of euros of strategic development. Ukraine’s share of the EBRD loan portfolio is 8.8%, and the expected annual growth in financing for 2027–2032 is approximately 3 billion euros per year; long-term lending and restructuring are planned to be harmonized across all relevant sectors, and the capital increase would allow expansion to other countries as well.

The present collection of agenda items encompassed four discussions: the first agenda item was the inquiry presented on September 16th by members of the Riigikogu, Lauri Laats, Aleksei Jevgrafov, Andrei Korobeinik, and Vladimir Arhipov, regarding the impact of tax changes on the state budget. The inquiry concerned the financial impact of the tax changes stipulated in the coalition agreement and the subsequent question of the classified status of information requests. The inquirers highlighted Siim Kiisler’s information request, the answer to which was classified for 75 years, and posed several questions to the Minister of Finance. The second part of the agenda items focused on Minister Jürgen Ligi’s responses and explanations concerning the information requests and the responsibility of officials; the discussion also touched on the various sources of collaboration partners and the mechanisms for predicting the impact of tax changes. The third and fourth parts continued the discussion in clarifying the responses and preparations were made for further negotiations and the direction of the session. The entire discussion reflected uncertainty and a need for clarity and swift answers, but continued to address the tools and procedures concerning classification, data sharing, and the state's economic forecasts.

Today's agenda item concerned the questions submitted by members of the Riigikogu – Lauri Laats, Aleksei Jevgrafov, Vladimir Arhipov, Andrei Korobeinik, Aleksandr Tšaplõgin, Vadim Belobrovtsev, and Anastassia Kovalenko-Kõlvart – regarding the planned excise tax changes. The aim of the questions was to obtain a response from the Minister of Finance on the impact of the planned excise tax changes and to clarify how these changes could affect the competitiveness of businesses, consumption, and cross-border trade. The content of the questions also assessed the speed of the coordination rounds (three working days), the impact of the altered excise taxes on motor fuel, and measures and revenues related to combating cross-border trade. In the context of the bill's processing, discussion involved excise taxes on alcohol, tobacco, and fuel, and various scenarios and potential risks to consumers and the budget were considered.

Under the third agenda item, the inquiry presented on October 14th regarding the future of Tartu Agro was discussed. The inquiry was submitted by members of the Riigikogu Lauri Laats, Vadim Belobrovtsev, Aleksandr Tšaplõgin, Aleksei Jevgrafov, and Anastassia Kovalenko-Kõlvart, and Lauri Laats was asked to address the assembly. The main focus is the sustainable use of land managed by the state as a private enterprise, auctions, and the principles of the State Property Act, which must ensure transparent competition and fair access to state property. The core of the text concerns the future of Tartu Agro, scalable systems, food security, and potential risks in both an economic and regional context.

The agenda item focused on the topic of the decline in Estonian industrial production and the opinions and package of measures associated with it, which could help industry further. Questions were raised by members of the Riigikogu – Lauri Laats, Aleksandr Tšaplõgin, Aleksei Jevgrafov, Anastassia Kovalenko-Kõlvarti, and Vadim Belobrovtsevi – concerning the industrial production decline on October 16th, and within this mobile discussion, a broad debate was raised in the context of the economy and the energy sector. The presentations included descriptions of the situation, the impact of national economic policy on production, as well as the possibilities and limitations of cooperation between the government and the private sector.

The second major topic was the role of energy policy in maintaining the competitiveness of the economy and a comparison of different countries' experiences with neighboring countries (Finland, Sweden, Lithuania, Latvia), and plans for Estonia's future export strategy and increasing investment capacity. The need to reduce bureaucracy, increase added value, and develop a collaborative environment between political parties and entrepreneurs was emphasized. Infrastructure development (roads, railways, Via Baltica, Rail Baltica) and the link between security and the economy were also discussed, which cyclically raises discussions about energy prices and production competition. Overall, the aim and tone of the discussion show that short- and long-term solutions and the state's ability to guide the economy must be achieved through concrete actions and cooperation, not just rhetoric.