Plenary Sessions

Today, the first reading of the draft law amending section 5 of the Local Government Council Elections Act, initiated by Member of the Riigikogu Leo Kunnas, was considered. The draft's aim was to link the right to vote in local governments to the Riigikogu’s declaration identifying Russia's actions as terrorism – a question of considerable power in the current security situation, which tests the constitution's resilience and the extent of voting rights. The discussion during the first reading focused on the stamping of legal consistency and its pragmatic effect on voter loyalty and potential societal influence.

In the second part, there was an introduction and discussion by the Constitutional Committee, where, in cooperation with the government, the legitimacy of the draft law and potential side effects were considered; the committee decided to raise the draft to the plenary agenda and at the same time reject the draft, as presented by both members participating in the discussion and representatives of the committee. Thirdly, an inter-faction discussion took place, with the central tone being the context of national and allied relations, and the question of the boundaries of voting rights for stateless persons and citizens of other third countries. Finally, a joint agreement was reached that the draft 530 should be rejected in the first reading and it was confirmed by a vote of 41–5–0, as a result of which the draft is removed from proceedings. The session concluded with the determination of the official outcome and subsequent procedures.

The agenda included the third reading of draft law 514 to amend the Estonian Academy of Sciences Act, initiated by the culture committee. The meeting chair opened and closed the discussion, during which no one spoke. At the proposal of the leading committee, the final vote on the draft law was taken. 78 members of the Riigikogu participated in the vote, all of whom voted in favor of the draft law. There were no opposing votes or abstentions. Therefore, draft law 514 was adopted as a law.

The agenda moved to the second item, which was the third reading of draft law 546 amending the Act on the implementation of the common agricultural policy of the European Union and the Feed Act. After opening the agenda item, negotiations were immediately opened and closed as no speakers emerged. The leading committee proposed conducting a final vote on the draft law. In the final vote, 55 members of the Riigikogu supported the adoption of the draft law, 21 members voted against, and there were no abstentions. Draft law 546 was adopted as an act, receiving sufficient support.

As the third item on the agenda, the discussion addressed the Chancellery of Justice's proposal to bring section 48, subsection 2 of the Industrial Emissions Act into compliance with the Constitution. The objective was to clearly define when and how temporary complex permits can provide security for entrepreneurs, and what limitations and obligations are associated with it, to ensure both legal certainty and the interests of the state and society. The procedure involved a presentation by the Chancellery of Justice, lasting up to 20 minutes, followed by a presentation by the chair of the Constitutional Committee, also lasting up to 20 minutes, and finally a presentation by the chair of the Environment Committee, again lasting up to 20 minutes, followed by jointly permitted oral questions and open discussions for all interested parties.

Within the context of decision-making, various viewpoints were discussed: how and to what extent the criteria for the validity of temporary permits should be specified in the law, and what the balance is between legal certainty, investments, and climate objectives. Although the ministry and the Environment Committee cited the need to protect climate objectives and provide sufficient security for entrepreneurs as motivation, criticism and risks were also raised – including potential legal inconsistencies and complex disputes. Ultimately, it was determined that the plenary session will vote on the proposal, and subsequently, a bill will be initiated to bring section 48, subsection 2 of the Industrial Emissions Act into compliance with the Constitution.

The first agenda item concerned the Chancellor of Justice’s proposal to bring section 591, subsection 2, point 8 of the Electricity Market Act into compliance with the Constitution. The discussion centered on ensuring the compatibility of EU directives and the Estonian Constitution, whereby, in the event of failing to meet waste recycling targets, the relinquishing of renewable energy support would be permitted. Explanations from Ülle Madise and the advisory board highlighted the need to protect legitimate expectations and to ensure the continued and appropriate provision of state aid, in accordance with the Constitution and European Union law. Furthermore, light was shed on how the interpretation of the meaning of directives and their articles, and the methodologies for assessing them, have influenced Estonian practice, and how domestic legislation can be used to protect the expectations of entrepreneurs while simultaneously achieving environmental sustainability goals. The second part of the discussion covered potential solutions which would limit the payment of subsidies only to new subsidies, in order to preserve the basis of legitimate expectations, but would continue discussions regarding the precise form of adjustments.

The fifth agenda item concerns the first reading of draft law 561, amending the law on social support for people with disabilities, initiated by the Government of the Republic, and amending other laws in connection therewith. The primary objective of the draft law is to increase the age limit for children with disabilities to 18 and to align the age limits with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child; within this framework, the Museum Act, the Compulsory Health Insurance Act, the Social Welfare Act, and several other laws will be amended to ensure consistent and child-appropriate support and services until the age of 18. The transition is planned for February 1, 2027, which means that from that date, the new system will be gradually implemented, and new principles will apply to young people turning 16, and older decisions may be updated in accordance with the specified limits. Other important points concern the provision of free visits to state museums for children up to 18 years old and their accompanying persons, public transport, preferential drug pricing, and the gradual expansion of rehabilitation services up to the age limit of 18. The draft law also addresses data exchange and assessment mechanisms (the use of STAR data in assessments) and criminal record checks for members of rehabilitation teams, to enhance the reliability of services and the capacity of local governments. The background emphasizes that the changes are made to fulfill the rights of the child as derived from the Child Welfare Act, the European Union, and the UN recommendations, and the associated costs and budgetary obligations are planned to be covered at the national level. Declining and changing cost and revenue components and appendices are linked to increasing the age limit for children with disabilities, as well as the expansion of funding for public transport, rehabilitation, and social care services. The second chapter addresses various discussions in the Riigikogu, focusing on the accessibility of services in rural areas, IT developments, and harmonization, to ensure service continuity and minimal regional differences.

This is the first reading of Bill 551, which supplements the Act on Breeding of Farm Animals, initiated by the Government of the Republic. The purpose of the bill is to restore alignment with European Union law by re-adopting Council Directive 90/428/EEC and Commission Decisions 92/216/EEC and 2020/[388] for implementation. Matters of interest include exemptions regarding changes in competitive conditions, notification obligations for organisers to the Competition Authority (PTA), and the publication of information at the prescribed time. It is also emphasized that breeding associations and various event organizations operating in Estonia have been involved, and the bill has been supplemented in cooperation with partners. Simultaneously, efforts are being made to maintain a regional and unified system that guarantees the welfare of horses and a common legal framework in alignment with the European Union. By the beginning of 2025, there are seven breeding associations dealing with horse breeding in Estonia, and it is clarified when and how competitions with horses registered or originating in Estonia will take place compared to horses born or originating in other Member States. The entry into force of the Act is planned in the usual order, and the bill has undergone a process of taking into account proposals from partner organizations.

The first agenda item addressed Elektrilevi’s activities concerning cables of Belarusian origin and the implementation of European Union sanctions. Kok raised concerns about how the state-owned company is complying with the sanctions and what plans there are for finding replacement products and organizing public procurements; it was added that the framework agreement for cable purchases was concluded in 2022 during the time of Enefit Connect, and the inventory reflects warehouse and delivery movements. Next, replacement proposals will be presented and a decision will be made whether a new public procurement is necessary or whether replacement activities will be carried out in a simplified procedure; Elektrilevi has stated that the use of the cables will be discontinued by February 2025 at the latest. The second topic concerned energy security in light of desynchronization from the Russian frequency system, including the need for offline payment solutions and the development of a regulation that would ensure payments for goods even in the event of communication disruptions and possible contingency plans.

The second agenda item addressed the impact of tax policy, followed by the topics of bank taxation and state defense funding. The first part focused on assessing the impact of tax increases and asking which indicators and initial signs one could expect, and how they would affect people's daily coping. The second part discussed the possibility of a bank tax and its role in funding state defense; the discussion also included searching for funding sources and economic consequences, including what role central funding, loans, and EU funding would play. Overall, participants deemed it necessary to maintain tax stability and seek balanced solutions between state budget and security needs.

The first thematic group emphasized that changes to the tax system are necessary to fund education, healthcare, and security, and that indicators should be monitored regularly (every six months or annually). It was certainly highlighted that the effects of tax flows are not assessable with simple lines, and that tax increases can affect the living environment and consumption. The second thematic group brought out the role of the banking sector in the economy and discussed whether a bank tax could be part of the mosaic of funding sources, while emphasizing that tax stability must be maintained and that the state must find balanced ways to fund its defense and security expenses. In the search for solutions, the potential of central funding, loans, and EU funding was considered, and the possibility of cutting back on some non-institutional expenditures was weighed, in order to ensure a stable budget and the country’s autonomy.

Member of the Riigikogu Martin Helme submitted an inquiry to Prime Minister Kaja Kallas regarding the government's energy policy and the financing of renewable energy development. Helme criticized the government coalition’s decision to approve a €2.6 billion subsidy for offshore wind farms, noting that the total cost of renewable energy could reach €15 billion. He questioned the speed and transparency of the decision-making process, as there was no approved energy development plan and the Riigikogu had not discussed the matter. Helme accused the government of "climate communism" and driving Estonia bankrupt, citing that money is being hastily distributed to wind lobbyists before the deadline for state aid approval. Prime Minister Kallas defended the decision-making process, emphasizing that the topic had been discussed at least 18 times in the government cabinet. She explained that although the subsidies are large, they will be paid for by consumers, but renewable energy will bring the average price down, resulting in the national economy winning overall. Kallas rejected accusations of haste, saying that in-depth discussions have lasted a year and a half, and stressed that the government's goal is to ensure affordable and reliable energy supply for consumers. Varro Vooglaid repeated the question about the source of funding and also criticized the "turbo tempo" of decision-making, suggesting the creation of an independent working group of specialists to draft a new development plan.

The fourth Riigikogu question addressed the broader functioning of communication services in Estonia, focusing on two main directions: the development of broadband networks, ongoing projects, and market distortions, and air-based data communication, or 5G connections. The question was presented by Andres Metsoja to the Minister of Justice and Digital Affairs, Liisa-Ly Palko, emphasizing the need to clarify what has been done and how to move forward, because while Estonia has been active within Estonia-Virumaa and the European Union in promoting infrastructure cross-use and competition, the overall picture of prices and accessibility is quite complex, indicating that the achievement of further goals has not yet been smoothly realized. The question concerned the development of broadband connections, appropriate regulatory mechanisms for market functioning, and simultaneously the coverage area, infrastructure needs, and number of masts for 5G connections, and their financial balance. The second part focused on analyses, oversight, and protection of competition, including price reviews and ensuring compliance with legal obligations, which are the responsibility of the EU and the TTJA (Communication Authority), through which they seek to ensure equal opportunities for consumers and competitors.

The second paragraph described the broader continuation of the dialogue: the discussion also touched on the discussion programs initiated in 2017 and the need to involve the National Audit Office or similar auditing processes to identify previous shortcomings and offer comprehensive solution proposals. The broader impact of the digital transition was also addressed, including the need to increase digital literacy and digital society equality, and to consider compensating for minimum internet opportunities within the framework of assistance payments.

Member of the Riigikogu Vladimir Arhipov posed a question to the Minister of Social Protection Signe Riisalo regarding the low amount of the subsistence support, which is 200 euros. Arhipov drew attention to the fact that, in conditions of rising taxes and excise duties, people with low incomes suffer the most, and asked how a family of three should manage with 600 euros, which must cover food, clothing, and shoes.

Minister Riisalo replied that the number of recipients of subsistence support has stabilized and fallen to 15,500 households after the addition of Ukrainian war refugees in 2022 (when it reached over 25,000 households). She emphasized that the support is intended to alleviate extreme hardship and is received for an average of a short period (5–6 months). Riisalo acknowledged that the subsistence support limit needs constant review and that the methodology for calculating the minimum subsistence level is outdated. A study to develop a new methodology has been commissioned and its results should be ready by the spring of 2026. The Minister considered indexing the support to be reasonable in order to provide reassurance to low-income households, but this decision has been postponed until the new minimum subsistence level input is received. In addition, a bill is planned to be brought to the Riigikogu at the end of this year, which deals with the consideration of communication costs and the raising of the age limit for children in calculating the support.

In a follow-up question, Siim Pohlak inquired about the control mechanisms for recipients of temporary protection to ensure their actual residence in Estonia. The Minister confirmed that applying for subsistence support in the local government requires the submission of documents proving residence (including a lease agreement), which ensures that the support recipients actually live in Estonia. She added that the number of support recipients among Ukrainian war refugees has decreased year after year, as they are very active in employment.

The Riigikogu's sixth question addressed the desynchronization within Estonia's electrical grid and its impact on frequency regulation and consumers. The discussion focused on whether the system can maintain frequency during a critical desynchronization process and what technical solutions, including synchronous condensers and the continued use of shale-oil power plants, would be necessary to ensure grid reliability. Background questions arose concerning the possibility of leaving the market under emergency conditions, obtaining permits from the European Commission, and the impact of price increases on consumers. References were also made to previous coalition negotiations regarding the allocation of 2.6 billion euros to renewable energy developers and enterprises, and the discussion revolved around the ultimate burden on the consumer.

During the discussion of the Riigikogu's seventh question, topics of population policy and social security were discussed with Social Security Minister Signe Riisalo. Riigikogu member Riina Solman criticized the government for reducing family benefits before the completion of an analysis of family policy measures, emphasizing Estonia's lowest birth rate of the century. Minister Riisalo accepted the criticism regarding the delay of the analysis, promising its completion by May of this year. She confirmed that the aim of the analysis is to find cross-party recommendations for increasing the birth rate and that researchers from both the University of Tartu and Tallinn University are involved.

Solman’s clarifying question concerned the raising of the age limit for children with disabilities, with which parents fear the loss of the Estonian Unemployment Insurance Board's disability allowance and a worsening of family incomes. Minister Riisalo explained that the change will not take effect until 2027 and that no resources are being saved. The released funds will be directed towards a significant increase in the volume of services in the social security system, such as an increase in support for children with disabilities from 600,000 euros to 2.2 million, and a growth in the costs of social rehabilitation services. In addition, Vadim Belobrovtsev criticized the government's actions towards large families (reduction of benefits, loss of health insurance, automatic taxes), finding that this exacerbates the catastrophic demographic situation. Minister Riisalo defended the government's decisions, citing the overall increase in support for families with children and justifying the necessity of new taxes to regulate the state's finances and ensure security.

Riigikogu member Vadim Belobrovtsev posed a question to Justice and Digital Minister Liisa-Ly Pakosta regarding the European Commission fine imposed on Estonia. The fine, amounting to €400,000 plus €3,000 for each day of delay, was levied on Estonia due to the failure to adopt the Competition Directive on time (the deadline was February 2021). Belobrovtsev wanted to know why the delay occurred, who will pay the fine, and whether the daily penalty continues to accrue even during the discussion.

Minister Pakosta explained that the delay in adopting the directive began during the 2019–2021 period when Urmas Reinsalu and Raivo Aeg (Isamaa) were Justice Ministers, but acknowledged that subsequent governments have also failed to resolve the issue. She expressed hope that the government will soon submit the necessary amendments to the Riigikogu to adopt the directive in February and halt the daily penalty. Pakosta emphasized that the size of the fine has been significantly reduced because the European Court assessed the impact on Estonian consumers as minimal. The main reason for the delay was a fundamental dispute over whether penalties for violations of competition rules should be as easy as possible for officials or as fair as possible, in accordance with the rule of law, as with other offenses in Estonia. The Minister confirmed that Estonian taxpayers will pay the fine, but the precise source of the funds has not yet been decided. Lauri Laats (MP) asked the Minister for her personal opinion on the suitability of the directive, to which Pakosta replied that Estonia has found compromise solutions that comply with Estonian legal order, despite earlier concerns about the privilege of self-incrimination.

The Riigikogu discussed relations with the United States of America as part of the ninth question. The Riigikogu member, Rain Epler, posed a question to Prime Minister Kaja Kallas and raised concerns about how open and high-quality contacts are with the U.S. administration and how unified and detailed the government's relationship with the ally is. He highlighted the differences in media coverage and mentioned the need to discuss U.S.-Estonian relations more broadly and present various opinions, including connections to the topic of Greenland and the wider context of security and defense policy. He also raised the issue of the transparency of coverage and the importance of the dialogue considered by the ally, as well as the idea of the 5% defense spending target, which is linked to our long-term state defense priorities.

In the responsive answer, it was emphasized that relations between Estonia and the U.S. are good and are very important for ensuring both Estonia’s security and the stability of Europe. The Prime Minister described that contacts with the U.S.’s new administration are developing and that mutual relationships are forming and strengthening. She stated that the topic of defense spending requires a consistently greater contribution and that the 5% target could be a goal whose achievement depends on the progress of procurement activities and the utilization of European Union budget opportunities. She also indicated that in the context of the European Union and NATO, the relevant funding and cooperation mechanisms are being discussed and that approaches to developing defense solutions are being considered, and that rapid changes at the European level and the renewal of the German administration’s organization will influence future decisions. Finally, she expressed optimism that our relations with the U.S. will remain good and that further cooperation will continue in the future, and that necessary decisions will be made in accordance with the evolving security environment.

The Riigikogu discussed the draft law amending the Foreigners Act and related laws (improving migration proceedings) 548 for its first reading, initiated by the Republic of Estonia’s Government. Minister of the Interior Lauri Läänemets introduced the draft, the purpose of which is to modernize the law, improve migration proceedings, and strengthen migration control. Key changes highlighted included the creation of an electronic “one-stop shop” principle to simplify procedures for entrepreneurs, and the toughening of requirements for security considerations. For example, an employer must have been operating in Estonia for at least 12 months (18 months for temporary work), and the grounds for refusing a residence permit are expanded in connection with foreign countries' security agencies. In addition, a mandatory integration program and proof of Estonian language proficiency at least at the A2 level are established for applicants for temporary residence permits.

During the debate, the focus was mainly on language requirements, control of temporary work (including platform taxis), and the extent of abuse of residence permits. The Minister confirmed that the purpose of the draft is to prevent abuse and improve control through database compatibility, but emphasized that the speed of the procedural process depends on the resources of the PPA (Police and Border Guard Board). The Minister also confirmed that he does not support increasing the immigration quota. The Constitutional Committee rapporteur Eduard Odinets explained the committee’s discussion, which supported the further processing of the draft. The Eesti 200 faction (Toomas Uibo) supported the draft's digital solutions, but called for a broader reform of migration policy to create a quota for skilled workers linked to economic growth.

The second agenda item concerned amendments to the Articles of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and a review of the draft law 558 for its first reading regarding their approval. The draft aims to modernize the bank’s financial management and to eliminate from the Articles a restriction that established a one-to-one relationship between the total amount of lending and the bank’s capital and reserves, as well as guarantees for issued loans. Removing the restriction does not mean its automatic abolition, but risk management is delegated to the bank’s shareholders' council, and operational management becomes more flexible. It is also emphasized that similar restrictions have been removed from other development banks, and the 2012 amendments increased the voice of poorer countries; IBRD has already implemented a modern risk management framework that broadens the possibilities for capital usage. The draft is a single instance and requires a qualified majority vote from the Riigikogu; further ratification will take place later. With the growth of global development needs, the flexibility of banks’ expectations and the range of financial instruments that can be used also grow.

Under the third and today's final agenda item, the first reading of the draft law amending the Hunting Act, initiated by the Isamaa faction, was discussed. The draft law aims to enable the Environmental Agency to organize hunting activities year-round to prevent damage caused by game, including outside of the hunting season, to avoid situations where court decisions or imposed restrictions prevent the hunting of game and lead to self-help action. A thorough discussion addressed the balancing act between preserving natural communities and the living environment and economic activities of people, as well as the functionality and limitations of reprimands as a mechanism. The broader context in which the Nature Conservation Act and the Hunting Act must cooperate was also touched upon, and how to find a balance between different stakeholder groups.

The central topic of the agenda is the inquiry presented by members of the Riigikogu – Anti Poolamets, Varro Vooglaidi, Arvo Aller, Evelin Poolamets, Rain Epler, Rene Kok, Siim Polaku, Martin Helme, Helle-Moonika Helme, and Mart Helme – regarding primary school textbooks, presented on December 4th of last year. The presentation of the inquiry and introduction to the agenda began in the Riigikogu speaker's hall, where Anti Poolamets, as the presenter, was invited to introduce the inquiry. Despite delays and adherence to protocol during the session, a second point of attention addressed the procedure for conducting the session: Rain Epler raised a significant procedural question, which the chairperson explained and confirmed, stating that members may speak for one hundred seconds initially, but the board will assess how to proceed. Subsequently, attention was directed to the substance of the inquiry: the substantive composition of primary school textbooks and the validity of textbook behavior, along with an unwavering scientific consensus regarding gender.
In the substantive portion, the focus was on the content of the primary school human studies workbook and its consistency with the national curriculum, as well as the review process. Minister Kristina Kallas clarified that textbooks and workbooks are not approved solely by the minister, but rather experts evaluate their compliance with the curriculum and the requirements for pre-review; the discussion also touched upon the scientific consensus regarding the concept of social gender and the relationship to biological gender, and how schools should not disseminate unscientific claims. The full inquiry raised an open discussion on social trends and the school’s line of responsibility and concluded with the minister’s response and the end of the session, where the chairperson declared the agenda closed.

This agenda item focused on the question submitted last year by members of the Riigikogu – Andrei Korobeinik, Aleksandr Tšaplõgin, Aleksei Jevgrafov, Lauri Laats, Vladimir Arhipov, and Anastassia Kovalenko-Kõlvart – regarding the mobile application eesti.ee. The content of the question primarily covered the progress of the application’s development work, the budget, the selection of procurements and partners, the involvement of end users, and the results of usability testing. Plans for the future development of the application were also addressed, including the expansion of the concept of a personalized state, as well as security and accessibility issues. During the meeting, both the Minister of the Interior, and the Minister of Justice and Digital Transformation, Liisa-Ly Pakosta, along with the question presenter and several opposition members, provided questions, criticism, and suggestions for improving the application’s quality and ensuring the transparency of procurements.

The topics covered technical and legal aspects: a two-phase structure for the development work, 800,000 euros for development, 36,000 euros for security testing, 11,000 euros for focus group testing, and an additional accessibility audit; totaling 850,000 euros. The pilot project carried out within the framework of cooperation with Ukraine and its estimated impact were also highlighted, and the discussion considered how the state app and other services could be personalized and proactively directed to the user. Finally, the discussion sparked debate regarding user ratings of the application, and criticism of its design, ease of use, and name selection, followed by the presentation of arguments and suggestions for further discussion and the implementation of improvements.

The agenda continued with the first reading of bill 538, the draft law declaring the Motor Vehicle Tax Act invalid, initiated by the Isamaa faction. The presiding officer clarified that the discussion would continue from where it left off yesterday, and Aivar Kokk, representing the initiators, would answer questions from the floor. The content of the bill provokes strong opinions – the opposition expresses criticism of the coalition's tax policy and the effects of the car tax, emphasizing concerns particularly in rural areas, sources of funding, and the legitimacy of tax harmonization. The ninety-to-one-hundred-minute discussion covers a range of issues: the clarity and legitimacy of tax notices, various calculation models, and the impact of the tax on different social groups. The core question is whether abolishing the car tax is fair, whether the state needs an alternative revenue base, and whether the coalition can find a sustainable solution. Several deputies asked questions during the session, and a broad discussion has emerged regarding the future of taxes and regional equality.

The discussion focused on the first reading of bill 539, amending the value-added tax law, initiated by the Conservative People's Party of Estonia. The bill’s aim is to reduce the value-added tax on food for all food products, in order to ease people's coping and compensate for the effects of inflation. Rain Epler gave a presentation, pointing out that Estonia’s food basket is higher compared to Europe, and if the value-added tax were to reach 24% or if there were no exemptions, the global price level would increase, and such a change could appear as a significant blow to the consumer. At the same time, the nuances of the overall tax base, its simplicity, and the risks of fraud were also discussed, and it was considered that a general approach without excessive exemptions would be less bureaucratic and potentially fairer.

The second section addressed the views of the finance sector, attitudes towards practices in other countries (Germany, Finland, Belgium, Ireland, etc.) and the alleged impact on the state budget. The discussion brought up the coalition and the opposition, as well as ineffective claims about tax preferences, and raised the question of how to reach a better solution without undue influence. Finally, it was necessary to coordinate the procedure: it was decided unanimously to put the bill on the agenda of the plenary session and to appoint Rain Eler (the speaker's role) as the leading committee. At the end of the entire procedure, two important observations emerged: the proposal to reject the first reading of the bill and the result of the vote.

Final decision: The first reading of bill 539 was constitutionally rejected, with 53 votes in favor, 17 against, and no abstentions. This meant that the bill did not finally receive approval in the previous session for the first reading.

The topic of the third agenda item was the second reading of draft law 534, concerning Estonia's accession to the optional protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which deals with a complaint procedure initiated by the Republic of Estonia’s Government. The draft law aims to strengthen children's rights on an international level and to grant the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child the authority to investigate systematic and serious violations, including issues related to climate rights, as well as the protection of health and the living environment. The first readings and deadlines have been established, and the Social Committee has been designated as the leading committee; Deputy Chair Riina Solman reported on the progress of the procedure and proposed that the Social Committee, acting as the leading committee, schedule the second reading for January 22, 2025, and that the final vote would be the last step in the procedure. The draft law is part of the state’s effort to ensure better protection of children’s rights without discrimination and to incorporate international legal protection when domestic legal remedies are insufficient.

The Riigikogu debate on the first reading of the draft resolution of the Riigikogu “In Support of the People of Georgia” (draft 564). The draft was submitted by Riigikogu members Eerik-Niiles Kross, Marko Mihkelson, Maria Jufereva-Skuratovski, Luisa Rõivas, Katrin Kuusemäe, Tarmo Tamme, Maris Lauri, Aivar Sõerdi, Alar Laneman, Tõnis Lukas, Kristina Šmigun-Vähi, Urve Tiidus, Priit Sibul, Andrus Seeme, Vilja Toomast, Kadri Tali, Kalev Stoicescu, Züleyxa Izmailova, Juku-Kalle Raidi, Reili Ranna, Ester Karuse, Jüri Jaanson, Igor Taro, Mait Klaassen, Mart Võrklaev, Karmen Jolle, Irja Lutsari, Kristo Enn Vaga, Marek Reinaasa, Mati Raidma, Õnne Pillaku, Mario Kadastik, Hanah Lahe, Peeter Tali, Toomas Kivimägi, Margit Sutrop, Annely Akkermann, Andres Suti, Toomas Uibo, Pipi-Liis Sieman, Kalle Laanet, Madis Timpson, Maido Ruusmann, Urmas Reinsalu, Urmas Kruuse, Mihkel Leesi, Meelis Kiili, Eero Merilinnu and Lauri Hussar, presented a statement in support of the people of Georgia. A presentation was made to the Riigikogu speaker's chair by Eerik-Niiles Kross; the debate took place between factions and committees to present one question to each presenter and to hear the committee's presentation. In the final vote, the resolution was adopted. Strong attention was given to the importance of human rights protection, the release of political prisoners, Georgia’s continued path towards the European Union and NATO, and the need to hold new elections.

This agenda item concerns the second reading of the bill to amend the Estonian Academy of Sciences Act, bill number 514, which was initiated by the Culture Committee. The presenter is committee member Margit Sutrop. The purpose of the bill is to modernize and simplify the Academy's Act: to repeal outdated provisions, clarify internal structure and decision-making processes, and bring terminology into alignment with contemporary interpretations. As a result of the changes, it is hoped to increase the Academy’s ability to respond to problems facing the state and society and to strengthen adherence to the principle of autonomy within the context of Article 38 of the Constitution. The first reading took place on November 14, 2024, and no amendments were submitted by the deadline; the Culture Committee submitted a single drafting proposal concerning the removal of a single repetition. In preparation for the second reading, a meeting was held with the Academy's new president, Mart Saar, discussing cooperation between the Riigikogu and the Academy of Sciences, and topics such as research and development funding, evidence-based policy advice, the OECD report, and the Estonian language requirement for doctoral studies. Discussions also covered the organization of regular evening hearings and night sittings, which could improve evidence-based discussion among all parties. Committee members present were Liina Kersna, Signe Kivi, Tõnis Lukas, Margit Sutrop, Kadri Tali, and Tanel Tein; Vadim Belobrovtsev and Helle-Moonika Helme were absent. The amendment proposal was unanimously approved by vote. The Chair, Pikhof, proposed that the bill be placed on the agenda of the full house on January 22nd, and that a final vote be held on January 29, 2025, after completion of the second reading. Before concluding, the question arose as to whether the Academy approves of the bill; the response was affirmative.

The first agenda item concerned the first reading of draft law 547, amending the Family Benefits Act and other laws, initiated by the Government of the Republic. The draft's purpose is to carry out a general review and changes concerning financial support for parents and their children in connection with the transition from survivor's pension to survivor's support, while simultaneously introducing several side effects, such as restrictions on pensions defined for certain individuals and transitional transactions within the framework of international social security agreements. The focus is on individual support for each child and the clarity and stability of the right arising from the law, meaning the support cannot be seized and is consistent with the study load, disability support, and limits concerning the size of renewable allocations and transitional periods.

The second part deals with cross-border transport and obligations arising within the framework of social security agreements, as well as the organization of reporting and notifications between different countries concerning both Egypt and the United States of America. Furthermore, it addresses the fact that some parent-based pensions and rapid changes, such as restrictions on disability support for police and border guard officials, and four regulations as implementing acts of the State Pension Insurance Act, which in turn reduce bureaucracy and give the minister responsibility. All of this is aimed at creating better security and a sustainable support mechanism for children and families in Estonia.

Within agenda item seven, the Riigikogu's first reading of the draft law amending the Maritime Safety Act and other laws, initiated by the Government of the Republic, bill number 549, was presented. The presenter was the Minister of Infrastructure, Vladimir Sveti. The draft law aims to improve the work of the State Fleet and the Transport Agency, to modernize procedures, fines, and services, and to bring the laws into alignment with international law. Simultaneously, other ministers are preparing a comprehensive package of additional amendments that will strengthen maritime safety and infrastructure and increase fines in accordance with the Penal Code.

The submitted draft 555 is a draft law amending the Electricity Market Act, initiated by the Government of the Republic, with two main themes: 1) ensuring islanding capability, or the ability of the Estonian electricity system to operate independently while maintaining uninterrupted external connections, and 2) accelerating the management of electricity storage and consumption, including the introduction of a consumption factor. The aim is to keep electricity prices under control, increase energy supply reliability, and reduce the costs and risks caused during peak price periods. More specifically, provisions are made for the development of storage to enable the storage of energy at a low price indicator when renewable energy is added, and its use during periods of higher prices when consumption increases. The introduction of the net metering principle and the clarification of the consumer's bill will provide greater clarity in billing, while technical proposals are made regarding accounting models and the remuneration logic for balancing power capacities. The draft also includes the insertion of a new regulatory framework to help ensure at least 1000 MW of dispatchable capacities for a dispatchable and stable electricity system, and which creates mechanisms to strengthen market functionality and energy security. Overall impact and economic indicators show that the measures associated with islanding capability and the storage and consumption factor will benefit consumers in the long term, but electricity bills may increase in the short term, which is still estimated to be lower compared to the cost of the measure. Implementation dates have been set, and provisions regarding the double taxation of storage will come into force next year, net metering will be introduced on August 1, 2026, and general technical preparations and billing changes cautiously address the clear presentation of consumer debts and bill structure. Ultimately, the draft provides reassurance regarding energy supply and the opportunity to offer the use of lignite fuel in crisis situations, such as when the wind does not blow and the sun does not shine. Occasionally highlighted numerical impacts (e.g., the addition of 500 MW of storage) demonstrate potential price reductions and cost savings, contributing to the overall financial benefit for the consumer.

The Riigikogu discussed the draft law amending the Electricity Market Act, Bill No. 556, for its first reading. According to the Minister of Climate, Yoko Alender, the draft’s purpose is to expand the grid operator's obligation to develop the grid, in order to cautiously develop the electricity network, supporting the Riigikogu’s renewable energy target for 2030. The amendments fix uniform connection fees throughout Estonia (e.g., 12,000 euros/MVA in the 330 kV network), which should simplify the connection process for power generation developers and major consumers. Also, the possibility of building direct lines for major consumers is extended from 6 kilometers to 15 kilometers, to promote the development of energy-intensive industry. The costs of strengthening the grid will be shared equally between consumers and connection users in the future. During the debate, Rain Epler (EKRE) expressed concern about the reasonableness of the 100% renewable energy target and the impact of direct lines on network charges in other regions (e.g., Võrumaa). The representative of the Economic Affairs Committee, Mario Kadastik, confirmed that the draft law had been thoroughly discussed with market participants and the decisions to conclude the first reading were consensus-based. The first reading of Bill No. 556 was concluded. The last item on the agenda (Bill No. 530) remained unaddressed due to the absence of the presenter.

The discussion at the center focused on two topics: firstly, state support and KredEx funding provided to Norica, including a discussion regarding the decisions of 2020 and the additional loan of 2024, and questions of democracy and transparency related to raised concerns about language use and funding sources; additionally, there was discussion about whether and how coalition partners have been involved in decision-making. Secondly, the discussion turned to the growth of defense spending and budgetary perspectives: whether and how Estonia could increase defense spending to 5% of GDP, where to find funding sources, and what role tax relief and European Union funds would play. A lively exchange of opinions took place, and substantive differences within the coalition regarding the organization of steps and funding became apparent, but ultimately, the need to consolidate compromise and continue strengthening security and structural reforms was emphasized.

The main objective of the agenda items was to discuss Estonia’s position and reactions within the international context, focusing primarily on the leadership of the United States and the role of the transatlantic alliance, as well as Estonian energy policy. The initial speeches addressed the impact of US President Donald Trump’s policies on international and Estonian security, including topics such as freedom of speech, diversity, and climate action. The discussion also covered the economy of Europe and Estonia, the energy price important to consumers, the role of renewable energy, and the balance of ensuring energy supply.

In the second block, speakers highlighted the shaping of the future of the energy sector, including the role of wind and solar energy, and the need to keep energy prices affordable for an export-oriented economy. The NATO defense umbrella and increasing security were also addressed, but a discussion was also raised regarding domestic political issues, including the bankruptcy of Nordica Bank and the costs associated with KredEx assets, as well as potential conflicts of interest. Finally, the importance of the state asset privatization plan, using Nordica as an example, to recover taxpayer money and ensure a sustainable infrastructure in the event of a crisis, was emphasized.

The session primarily focused on the topic of state defense expenditure and procurement of supplies, initiated by Isamaa faction representative Urmas Reinsalu, who presented a question to Prime Minister Kaja Kallas. Reinsalu criticized the government for indecisiveness regarding the procurement of additional supplies and asked why the Defense Forces Commander’s recommendation to raise state defense expenditure to 5% of GDP was not reflected in the 2025 budget or the state budget strategy for 2025–2028. He also referred to the fact that the government voted down Isamaa’s proposal to procure supplies more quickly. Prime Minister Kallas thanked her for the support regarding defense matters and defended the government's efforts, noting that Estonia's defense expenditure has grown rapidly (3.7% of GDP next year) and that the security situation requires an increase in expenditure. Kallas confirmed that the Defense Forces Commander’s advice is being taken into account and that defense planners are working to bring procurement forward in time, with the aim of raising the level of defense expenditure to 5%.

In addition, the issue of Nordica state aid was discussed, brought up by Lauri Lääts. Lääts accused the Prime Minister of misleading the public, citing a story in Eesti Ekspress and asking about the €1.5 million loan granted through KredEx in April 2024. Prime Minister Kallas explained that she refused to provide the company with additional taxpayer money (€10–20 million), which was the management’s proposal, but loans granted through KredEx are a separate activity based on a 2020 government decision, and they are not additional support.

The focus of the planned meeting was on irregularities and time-critical challenges within the Estonian healthcare system, specifically regarding the accessibility of primary care and specialist physicians. The lack of primary care services, the aging of family doctors and questions surrounding their succession, the problem of long waiting times for specialist appointments, and the limited access to healthcare services in rural areas are creating a situation where many people are forced to turn to the emergency medical department instead. Efforts are underway to increase the number of family doctors and provide them with support, improve the working environment of collaborating health centers, and implement effective e-consultation solutions to better direct specialist demands to primary care. Furthermore, discussions were held regarding speeding up the queues at emergency departments in Tallinn and other regions of Estonia, as well as the health insurance fund’s role in planning local specialist accessibility at a regional level. Thirdly, the funding of cardiac surgery and the impact of specialist restrictions on operations were addressed, highlighting the need for additional funding and system reforms to better meet treatment needs and ensure patients receive timely assistance.

The central topic was the ideas surrounding a reduction in the VAT rate on groceries and their impact on food prices in Estonia and the supply chain. The speakers were Regional and Agricultural Minister Piret Hartman, and the question was raised by esteemed colleague Siim Pohlak. EKRE submitted a bill to the Riigikogu to reduce the VAT rate on food to 5%, and the opposition inquired whether the government plans to approve this proposal or if there are other considerations preventing the adoption of the reduction. The debate also encompassed the general inflation and the impact of the tax system on people's purchasing power, as well as the state's ability to make fair and measured decisions, rather than rushing.

The agenda focused on Prime Minister Kaja Kallas’s responses and included a discussion on three main topics: firstly, the widely publicized and socially relevant question of “it’s hard to be stupid” and the resulting debate and survey results; secondly, the financial operations through KredEx regarding the Nordica loan between 2020 and 2024, including a previous €8 million loan and delayed disbursements, with questions raised about whether decisions were informed or rather symbolic, and whether they reflected a broader political preference; and thirdly, a discussion on the requirement of legal education for the position of state secretary, concerning the position's autonomy and impact on constitutional requirements, and within the context of public administration reform. All topics raised questions about responsibility, transparency, and the need for reforms, highlighting the positions of different political parties and the government's approaches.

The discussion focused on the lack of scientific knowledge in Estonia’s healthcare system regarding the effects of wind turbine infrasound and other physical risk factors. Kalle Grünthal posed a question to Riina Sikkut concerning the Saarde wind farm, highlighting that Estonia lacks clear knowledge about the harmfulness of infrasound and that the public health law previously contained no references to wind turbine noise or infrasound. The number of complaints (requests submitted by thirty individuals) and an ongoing study from the Health Board raised the question of how to respond to residents’ concerns and what measures and measurement methods are appropriate. The first part also addressed guidelines and the correct execution of measurements: what equipment is used, how and where the microphone is placed, and what standards and procedures apply.

In addition, issues related to ice projectiles and infrasound dependence were raised, and wind farms at sea, microplastics, and economic considerations were discussed, which may influence the country's planning and investments.

The topic of the eighth question presented concerned Estonian demography and the decline in population. Statistics Estonia’s data showed that last year, 9,646 people were born in Estonia and 15,596 people died, resulting in a decrease in population by 5,950 people, and migration can no longer fully compensate for this. For the opposition, it was clear that the situation is critical and requires a specific and rapid strategy, not merely theoretical discussion. The aim of the question was to determine whether the government shares the same concern and what steps are planned to improve the demographic situation.

The Minister responded, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of addressing demography as an important yet complex issue: financial support alone will not automatically increase births; a broader societal well-being, a sense of security, and better services, as well as a fit for working families' models are needed. He stressed the need for international and national cooperation between ministries and noted that ongoing initiatives require consistent analysis and practical steps, not just increased attention to increasing tax revenues.

The main topic of the briefing was the influence of foreign countries on the functioning of democratic processes, and the question of when and how Estonia should express its position or intervene if elections do not meet the expectations of the European Union, or if it proves necessary to intervene through dialogue in the name of protecting democracy. The discussion focused on the fairness of the Georgian parliamentary elections and the reasons for the annulment of the Romanian presidential election, where the assessments of OSCE observers and newcomers, as well as existing court rulings, influenced the choices. A hypothetical example of Estonia’s situation was also presented, where a potential intervention or avoidance of it must be in accordance with international practice and the principles of democracy.

The first item on the agenda concerned the Riigikogu’s draft resolution No. 540 from the Isamaa faction: procurement of ammunition worth 1.6 billion euros for the Defence Forces for 2025–2028. The draft was for first reading, and the presenter was Urmas Reinsalu from the Riigikogu speaker's chair. The topic of discussion was the critical shortage of national defence equipment and the needs arising from the threat assessment, to be financed from both the state budget and European Union funds, including the possibility of using structural funds and revenues from pollution trading. Significant disagreements emerged during the debate: the minority faction emphasized the rapid and unextended procurement of supplies and ex-ante financing within the European Union, while the coalition focused on the consistency of financing procedures with EU economic rules and finds that the current budget structure does not support an advanced plan with a funding volume of 1.6 billion euros over a four-year period. Ultimately, the Riigikogu decided to extend the scheduling of the session of January 21, 2025, and voted to reject draft 540, thereby concluding the discussion of this agenda item for this session.

The second reading of draft law 546 concerning the amendment of the Act on the implementation of the European Union's common agricultural policy and the Feed Act. The Agrarian Committee discussed the draft at its meeting on January 13th, confirming that no amendments were received by 5:15 PM on January 6th of this year, and editorial corrections were made with which the draft originator agreed. The leading committee adopted a decision to send the draft to the Riigikogu plenary session for the second reading on January 21st, and to conclude the second reading; and if completed, to schedule the third reading on January 29th, and put it to a final vote. This is an important regulatory step aimed at bringing Estonia’s legal order into compliance with European Union legislation while also taking into account local practices and experience in the implementation of the CAP. In addition, the discussion also covers topics relating to taxation and the administration of food market data (e.g., databases for fruits/vegetables) and the impact of working conditions and control mechanisms on producers.

The meeting moved on to agenda item three: the first reading of bill 538, the draft law to repeal the motor vehicle tax law, initiated by the Isamaa faction. Aivar Kokk, a colleague from the Speaker's rostrum of the Riigikogu, was designated to present the bill. The purpose of the bill is to invalidate the motor vehicle tax system and the tax-related organizational solutions associated with it, and accordingly, to discuss whether and how to distribute or replace the effects of the motor vehicle tax with something else.

The Riigikogu discussed a question regarding the promotion of family and large families, presented by Jaak Valge, Ants Frosch, Henn Põlluaas, and Leo Kunnas. The representative of the questioners, Jaak Valge, highlighted the critical situation of Estonia’s birth rate (falling below 10,000) and emphasized that the state has not organized a single direct campaign to support traditional families and large families, while focusing on other social themes. Valge argued that the most children are born in traditional families and that they are also the happiest there, and that the state should send a clear message valuing large families to reduce uncertainty.

Health Minister Riina Sikkut responded that the Ministry of Social Affairs does not organize campaigns itself, but does so through strategic partners (such as the Association of Large Families of Estonia), who implement activities supporting family values and parenting programs. The Minister emphasized that the government supports having children in general, focusing on economic security, education, and healthcare, and listed several support measures (such as flexibility in parental benefits, an increase in single-parent support). The opposition (including Helir-Valdor Seeder, Urmas Reinsalu, and Rain Epler) sharply criticized the government, calling the demographic situation a catastrophe and accusing them of cutting support for large families, raising taxes (vehicle tax), and undermining security. The opposition demanded that the government reverse decisions damaging family policy and create a stable, cross-governmental demographic policy. Minister Sikkut acknowledged the harmfulness of reversing political decisions, but defended the government's policy of targeted support and evidence-based approach.