First Reading of the Draft Resolution of the Riigikogu (104 OE), titled "Making a Proposal to the Government of the Republic to Remove the So-Called Bronze Soldier Statue from Public Space"
Session: 15th Riigikogu, 3rd session, plenary sitting
Date: 2024-01-16 12:01
Total Speeches: 102
Membership: 15
Agenda Duration: 1h 3m
AI Summaries: 102/102 Speeches (100.0%)
Analysis: Structured Analysis
Politicians Speaking Time
Politicians
Analysis
Summary
The Riigikogu debate focused on Draft Resolution 104, submitted by the faction of the Conservative People's Party of Estonia (EKRE), the aim of which was to propose to the Government of the Republic that the so-called Bronze Soldier statue be removed from the Defense Forces Cemetery and Estonian public space within two months. The initiator of the draft resolution, Riigikogu member Jaak Valge, emphasized in his presentation that the Bronze Soldier is a symbol of occupation for Estonians, and its presence in public space, especially at the Defense Forces Cemetery, is an insult to the memory of those who fought for Estonian independence. Valge highlighted that the statue is used to disseminate Kremlin propaganda messages and as a revanchist show of force, particularly in connection with Russia's aggression in Ukraine.
During the debate, several questions arose, including the future fate of the monument (whether it should be moved to a museum, destroyed, or remelted), which EKRE consciously left for the executive branch to decide. Security risks and the question of the sanctity of the grave site were also discussed, as the statue is located in a cemetery. The responsible committee, the Constitutional Committee, supported placing the draft resolution on the plenary agenda but highlighted the need for a longer and more thorough discussion to avoid a repeat of the events of 2007. The Social Democratic faction announced that it would not support the draft resolution, citing the risk of tearing open old wounds and preferring to focus on increasing social cohesion. In the final vote, the draft resolution did not receive support.
Decisions Made 1
The Riigikogu rejected Draft Resolution 104, submitted by the parliamentary group of the Estonian Conservative People's Party, titled "Making a Proposal to the Government of the Republic to Remove the So-Called Bronze Soldier Statue from Public Space." Fourteen members of the Riigikogu voted in favor of the draft, and 54 voted against it.
Most Active Speaker
The most active speaker was the representative of the bill's initiator, Riigikogu member Jaak Valge (EKRE). Valge delivered a thorough presentation, explaining the historical and ideological background of the monument, and answered 11 questions. He represented a resolute right-wing/nationalist viewpoint, emphasizing that removing the Bronze Soldier from public space is necessary for strengthening Estonian identity and ending the glorification of the occupation regime.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Toomas Kivimägi today introduced the procedure for handling the first item on the Riigikogu agenda: the bill submitted by the EKRE faction titled “Proposal to the Government of the Republic to remove the so-called Bronze Soldier statue from public space.” He described that presentations would last up to 20 minutes, each presenter would be allocated one question, debates would be open to factions and committees, and the adoption of the bill would require a majority of votes in favor. He then invited Jaak Valge to speak.
Jaak Valge
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
Jaak Valge briefly presents a proposal to remove the Bronze Soldier from the Defence Forces Cemetery and Estonian public space within two months, arguing that it is a symbol of occupation, causes a negative impact on the native Estonian population, and must not be allowed to become a cult object.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
The Vice-Chairman thanked him for the comprehensive and informative presentation and invited questions for Juku-Kalle Raid.
Juku-Kalle Raid
Profiling Eesti 200 fraktsioonAI Summary
Juku-Kalle Raid emphasizes that the issue is red symbolism, not a grave marker, recalls the fate of the Narva tank, and asks what should be done next and whether the involvement of museums, such as Maarjamäe, has been considered, because the past cannot simply be erased.
Jaak Valge
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
Our draft bill boils down to a single sentence: the executive branch will decide the future fate of the Bronze Soldier, and the government should find the best solution—whether to preserve it physically or relocate it somewhere where it would not become a cult object.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Deputy Chairman Toomas Kivimägi invites Arvo Aller to speak.
Arvo Aller
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
The main message is that the discussion about the Bronze Soldier isn't just about the statue itself, but about all Soviet-era monuments in Estonia, and people are asking whether the draft bill allows for the relocation of monuments situated on private land as well.
Jaak Valge
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
We cannot fulfill the assigned task with this draft bill, but we can offer a hint or a recommendation. The remaining Soviet-era monuments located in public spaces are being dealt with by the same Government Office commission I mentioned earlier.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Deputy Chairman Toomas Kivimägi addresses Evelin Poolamets and asks her to speak.
Evelin Poolamets
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
Evelin Poolamets thanked the respected chair and the presenter, and asked if there was any data on how much the visitation of the Bronze Soldier has increased since the beginning of the full-scale war in Ukraine.
Jaak Valge
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
He notes that the issue is important, but he does not have the data concerning it.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Deputy Chairman Toomas Kivimägi briefly addresses Toomas Uibo and asks him.
Toomas Uibo
Profiling Eesti 200 fraktsioonAI Summary
Toomas Uibo said that he agrees with the presenter's background, but emphasized that what is important is what happens to him next and what his long-term plan is, because that part seems unthought-out and raises the question of whether he should be destroyed.
Jaak Valge
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
Jaak Valge confirmed that the bill aims to remove the red monument from public space to prevent it from becoming an object of veneration, and if the government adopts this decision, the bill's work will be done regardless of the monument's final fate.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Deputy Speaker Toomas Kivimägi invites Rain Epler to take the floor.
Rain Epler
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
Rain Epler asks whether the real goal in the context of the green transition is to remove the object from public space and give the state a free hand for its subsequent reuse, thereby preventing people from celebrating special occasions near it.
Jaak Valge
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
We do not interfere with the decisions of the executive branch, and our draft bill does not dictate decisions to the government, unlike the government itself, which adopts legislation using a vote of confidence.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
A note to a colleague: You shouldn't move the microphone.
Jaak Valge
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
We need the entire text of the speech to create a one-sentence summary, because the current text is incomplete and only contains the phrase, "I just in case...".
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
The statement emphasizes that something could break down, preventing the subsequent action from taking place.
Jaak Valge
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
He confirms that he is ready to exert himself and put in the effort for this.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Toomas Kivimägi laughs and says that we have a draft bill, and asks Ants Frosch to come.
Ants Frosch
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
Ants Frosch emphasizes that hundreds of monuments to colonizers and confederates, as well as European monuments, have been removed worldwide in recent years, and asks whether that parallel is correct and whether our actions might provoke a reaction in other countries.
Jaak Valge
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
Jaak Valge claims that public space is being reorganized according to changes in identity, but examples may contradict this, and the goal of removing Confederate monuments was to end the promotion of slavery, and our goal is to stop the glorification of the occupation regime.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Deputy Speaker Toomas Kivimägi calls upon René Kokk.
Jaak Valge
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
Jaak Valge thanks and confirms that the comment was pertinent and he has nothing to add.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Deputy Chairman Toomas Kivimägi invites Signe Kivi to speak.
Signe Kivi
Profiling Eesti Reformierakonna fraktsioonAI Summary
Signe Kivi emphasized that there has been a long discussion regarding the Bronze Soldier statue. The state made the difficult decision to remove it, and it is now located at the cemetery. There have been provocations, but time has passed, and perhaps we should not revisit this specific sculpture group, while seeking serious arguments from historians.
Jaak Valge
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
Jaak Valge argues that Russia's current glorification of the Patriotic War and the cult of the Soviet Union are attempts to shape identity, but the Soviet Union is a state that occupied us, and Estonia must demonstrate that their symbols are not accepted.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
The Vice-Chairman calls Priit Lomp to the stage.
Priit Lomp
AI Summary
Priit Lomp asks why and in whose name the Soviet monument was moved back then, and references the idea that the Bronze Soldier could be melted down to mint euro coins or turned into decorations, while simultaneously highlighting EKRE's role in the government and the questionable nature of their support for Ukraine.
Jaak Valge
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
There is a time for everything; Russian chauvinism in Russia is currently at its peak, and the confrontation between the symbols of Russian occupation power and our values is at its most acute.
Tanel Kiik
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
Tanel Kiik asks the rapporteur what the positions of the organizations responsible for security have been, the risks and possibilities for mitigating them regarding his draft bill, and how thorough the preparatory work was.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
A request is made in the speech to give the floor to Tanel Kiik.
Jaak Valge
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
I have not met with Estonian security authorities regarding this matter, but I believe they share similar attitudes with the native Estonian people and do not tolerate communist monuments, especially the Bronze Soldier, as a symbol of the Soviet regime in Estonian public space.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
This is a brief appeal to Igor Taro.
Igor Taro
AI Summary
Igor Taro, in his speech, accuses the deputy chairman of hypocrisy, pointing out that while the deputy chairman claims Soviet symbols are unacceptable, he himself organized the hanging of those symbols in the Old Town and thereby established a court precedent under which the next person waving red flags will not be held responsible.
Jaak Valge
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
Jaak Valge explains that the red flag was installed with the goal of drawing attention to the memory of the occupation. He notes that while the penal code prohibits the public justification of occupation symbols, it is not punishable when the action is intended merely to draw attention, citing the example of the Juhan Smuul bas-relief on the wall of a building in Tallinn.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Kert Kingo was invited to speak at the beginning of the address.
Kert Kingo
AI Summary
Kert Kingo accuses these very same political parties of hypocrisy: they are the ones currently fighting against the removal of the Soviet monument, while simultaneously championing pro-Ukraine slogans and claiming to stand against Russia as an aggressor state. Yet, they want to preserve the monument and are finding excuses for why it should not be relocated.
Jaak Valge
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He acknowledged that if that is the case, it undoubtedly seems hypocritical, but the vote hasn't been held yet, and he hopes that's not the case.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
The speaker is asking Tiit Maran to step onto the stage.
Tiit Maran
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
Tiit Maran asks if our identity is so weak that its removal is necessary because of that.
Jaak Valge
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
He/She emphasizes that our identity is not weak, and strengthening and demonstrating it to fellow citizens of other nationalities helps us integrate better.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
He thanks the respected rapporteur, notes that there are no further questions, totaling two questions in all, and says that questions may be addressed to Johannes, asking colleagues to invite the Chairman of the Constitutional Committee, Hendrik Johannes Terras, to the Riigikogu podium for the presentation of the leading committee.
Hendrik Johannes Terras
AI Summary
The Constitutional Committee, having discussed the issue on September 14, 2023, found that the relocation of the Bronze Soldier and the solutions concerning monuments situated in cemeteries require thorough analysis. The committee determined that the timing is justified due to Russia's aggression against Ukraine, and the draft bill must be placed on the plenary session agenda for a final vote.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Deputy Chairman Toomas Kivimägi thanked the presenter, noted that the audience also had questions, and invited Signe Kivi to speak.
Signe Kivi
Profiling Eesti Reformierakonna fraktsioonAI Summary
Signe Kivi thanked the chairman and the rapporteur, confirmed her full agreement with the sentence in the explanatory memorandum regarding Putin’s and Russia’s aggression in Ukraine, and asked more broadly whether the commission had also addressed other works of art—such as the ceiling painting at the Estonia Theatre—which, while not a sculpture group, similarly glorifies Soviet power and occupation, and what should happen to those works.
Hendrik Johannes Terras
AI Summary
Thank you for the question, but no other monuments or symbols were addressed there.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Juku-Kalle Raid is invited to speak.
Juku-Kalle Raid
Profiling Eesti 200 fraktsioonAI Summary
Juku-Kalle Raid stated that the item under discussion is not a grave marker, but rather red symbolism—an indicator of the presence of Soviet power, created in 1947—and should remain in a museum. If someone wants to place flowers there, they should buy a ticket, go to the museum, and take flowers.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Toomas Kivimägi gave a brief signal: Time to act, Juku.
Juku-Kalle Raid
Profiling Eesti 200 fraktsioonAI Summary
He says that even though it might not fit, all the Soviet idols used to fit in there previously.
Hendrik Johannes Terras
AI Summary
The issue was discussed; the various museum options were mostly reviewed, although its complete liquidation was also mentioned in passing.
Igor Taro
AI Summary
The Constitutional Committee is discussing how to minimize the presence of Soviet-era monuments and communist symbolism in public spaces, and whether this matter was taken up for consideration, and whether the bill's presenter was asked why he sometimes favors communist symbols but not always.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Deputy Chairman Toomas Kivimägi invited Igor Taro to the stage.
Hendrik Johannes Terras
AI Summary
Thank you for the question; we weren't discussing whether we liked it or not, but instead focused on the relocation of the Bronze Soldier.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Vice-Chair Toomas Kivimägi invites Anastassia Kovalenko-Kõlvart to take the floor.
Anastassia Kovalenko-Kõlvart
Profiling Eesti Keskerakonna fraktsioonAI Summary
Anastassia Kovalenko-Kõlvart stated that the draft bill concerns not only the Bronze Soldier but also other monuments, and would have included a discussion of the Estonia Theatre ceiling painting as well. She then asked whether the coalition intends to submit its own draft bill and whether it will be brought to the Plenary Hall for debate.
Hendrik Johannes Terras
AI Summary
He stated that this is legally considered a grave marker, and the plan is to gradually relocate the Soviet-era monuments that are not protected by the sanctity of the grave, starting in public spaces and moving on to those located in cemeteries which are protected by grave peace.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Deputy Speaker Toomas Kivimägi invites Kert Kingo to speak.
Kert Kingo
AI Summary
Kert Kingo asks the commission what the difference is between the Narva tank and the Bronze Soldier, and why one is slated for removal while the other is strictly forbidden from being relocated under any circumstances and must remain there.
Hendrik Johannes Terras
AI Summary
He said that he didn't take the position that it shouldn't be moved, and the main question is rather “how” than “whether,” because one (of the items/locations) is situated in a cemetery, where the sanctity of the grave applies, which makes the situation more complicated.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Deputy Chairman Toomas Kivimägi invites Arvo Aller to the stage.
Arvo Aller
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
Arvo Aller’s speech criticizes the concept of "grave peace" as the justification for why the issue is not being addressed further, noting that under the guise of respecting the dead, people can hold celebrations and commemorate the Soviet occupation and the glorification of Russian power.
Hendrik Johannes Terras
AI Summary
He/She stated that while this does not mean it cannot be relocated, the issue is sensitive, requires thorough deliberation, and careful consideration of security risks in order not to repeat events similar to those of the mid-2000s.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Jaak Valge is invited to speak.
Jaak Valge
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
Jaak Valge noted that he did not present the draft bill to the committee. He asked whether the committee had discussed the commission operating under the State Chancellery, which handles Soviet-era monuments located in cemeteries. He stressed that the committee had not limited itself solely to Soviet monuments outside cemeteries, and added that the sanctity of the grave cannot be the entire justification, as precedents already exist elsewhere.
Hendrik Johannes Terras
AI Summary
Terras stressed that there is no room for making excuses or evasion, and what is important is how we approach and execute this matter, not the specific topic that was discussed there.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Vice-Chairman Toomas Kivimägi intervened regarding Anastassia's question to the presiding officer, as Anastassia was demanding it very vehemently.
Anastassia Kovalenko-Kõlvart
Profiling Eesti Keskerakonna fraktsioonAI Summary
The speaker pointed out that each presenter is permitted to ask one question, but colleague Signe Kivi has already posed three questions (two to Jaak Valge, one to the committee presenter), and asked what the procedure is actually supposed to be.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Toomas Kivimägi reported that Signe Kivi posed one question to Jaak Valge and another to Hendrik Johannes Terras, and no further questions from Signe Kivi were publicly asked.
Ants Frosch
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
Ants Frosch thanked the presiding officer and the chairman of the Constitutional Committee, stressed the importance of internal and national security, and pointed out that the Security Police and other security agencies have focused on repelling Russian influence operations in recent years. He noted that the glorification of the Great Patriotic War is a narrative of Russian propaganda, and asked whether the parliamentary factions could approach the security agencies, suggesting that perhaps the newly joined social democrats could also gain more insight into the matter.
Hendrik Johannes Terras
AI Summary
The opportunity is available, and it is sensible to ask for it from that source.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Deputy Speaker Toomas Kivimägi invites Rain Epler to take the floor.
Rain Epler
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
Rain Epler emphasizes that the discussion regarding the statue's destination highlights the importance of the separation of executive and legislative powers, and that a draft bill which removes the public space element from the issue and gives the government free rein for further action would be a good way to move forward.
Hendrik Johannes Terras
AI Summary
Thank you, the commission did not discuss how reasonable your proposal was.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
The speech began with thanks, and Evelin Poolamets was invited to speak.
Evelin Poolamets
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
Evelin Poolamets argues that the presence of the Bronze Soldier in the cemetery disturbs the peace of the gravesite, citing last year's May 9th incident as an example, where a drunken man pushed women waiting in line before police removed him. Therefore, she believes the Bronze Soldier should be relocated.
Hendrik Johannes Terras
AI Summary
He thanks them for the question and emphasizes that he did not say it was difficult to remove it from there, but rather that it needs to be thoroughly considered before removal. He agrees that such activity is a problem and must be addressed.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Vice-Chairman Toomas Kivimägi called Maria Jufereva-Skuratovski to the stage.
Maria Jufereva-Skuratovski
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
The reporter asked if there had been a discussion in the commission about why the EKRE faction specifically wants to address the Bronze Soldier monument and why it isn't dealing with other objects.
Hendrik Johannes Terras
AI Summary
He explains that the EKRE faction identified this as the greatest symbol of the Soviet occupation, and that is why they are specifically dealing with the Bronze Soldier.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
The speaker is now inviting Toomas Uibo to the stage.
Toomas Uibo
Profiling Eesti 200 fraktsioonAI Summary
Toomas Uibo pointed out that the issue of maintaining Soviet-era monuments and cultural heritage sites in Estonia is larger than just relocating the Bronze Soldier, adding that it is incorrect to label critics as anti-Estonian, and he then asked how they should move forward.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
He emphasizes the importance of time and greets his colleague.
Toomas Uibo
Profiling Eesti 200 fraktsioonAI Summary
Toomas Uibo emphasized that they were looking at the bigger picture and discussing what steps to take next.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
This is a short thank you.
Hendrik Johannes Terras
AI Summary
The draft bill currently focuses only on the relocation of the Bronze Soldier, but the broader plan involves the law on communist monuments, under which these structures will start being removed from public spaces.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Deputy Speaker Toomas Kivimägi invites Rene Kokk to take the floor.
AI Summary
Rene Kokk stated that the removal of the monument needs careful consideration, and for this reason, it is sensible to support the draft bill, as the implementers and relevant institutions will ensure it is executed in a well-thought-out manner.
Hendrik Johannes Terras
AI Summary
He thanks and notes that there was no question.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Deputy Chairman Toomas Kivimägi called upon Peeter Tali to speak.
Peeter Tali
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
He expressed profound shame regarding the situation where a member of the Riigikogu displayed symbols of the occupying power and flaunted them. He then asked if this had been discussed in the committee, and whether he had correctly understood that the EKRE representative claimed there was no Russian aggression against Ukraine in 2019.
Hendrik Johannes Terras
AI Summary
He says that a much better time has come to deal with the so-called Bronze Soldier, and against the backdrop of the war in Ukraine, Russia is clearly and unequivocally an aggressor state.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Toomas Kivimägi thanks the rapporteur, opens the debate, and Anti Allas from the Social Democratic Party faction requests an additional three minutes.
Anti Allas
Profiling Fraktsiooni mittekuuluvad Riigikogu liikmedAI Summary
Anti Allas stated that they do not support the draft bill, but instead wish to focus on the consistent and amicable communication of the meaning of the Second World War to all Estonians. This approach would increase social cohesion and national defense, and prevent the reopening of old wounds and new tensions regarding the monument.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Toomas Kivimägi offered his thanks, noted that time remained, and presented Juku-Kalle Raid’s request on behalf of the Eesti 200 faction.
Juku-Kalle Raid
Profiling Eesti 200 fraktsioonAI Summary
Juku-Kalle Raid said that the Soviet-era monument does not represent true cohesion and ought to be removed from the cemetery and moved to a museum, as it is neither a grave marker nor a memorial, and should remain a historical lesson.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Toomas Kivimägi concludes the negotiations and forwards Bill 104, introduced by the EKRE faction, to the Riigikogu for a final vote. The purpose of the bill is to remove the so-called Bronze Soldier monument from the public sphere, and he calls upon the members to take a stand and cast their votes.
Aseesimees Toomas Kivimägi
AI Summary
Fourteen members of the Riigikogu voted in favor of this proposal, 54 voted against, and there were 0 abstentions, meaning Bill 104 failed to gain support.